During ESD, the strength and the direction of traction were changed to get the efficient traction and the optimal dissection selleck chemical plane by pushing, pulling, rotating and bending the steerable grasper.

A total of 28 ESDs were performed in 8 pigs (14 ESDs in each group). Mean specimen size was 1320.0 ± 207.8 vs. 1251.8 ± 183.3mm2 (p=ns), mean total procedure time was 63.9 ± 10.0 vs. 42.8 ± 7.8 min (p=0.021), and mean dissection speed was 22.0 ± 6.0 vs. 39.7 ± 12.4mm2/min (p=0.031) in the C-ESD and SG-ESD group respectively. Perforation rate of C-ESD group was 28.6% (4/14) whereas no perforation occurred in SG-ESD group. All perforations in the C-ESD group occurred at proximal sites such as 34 and 40cm. In conclusion, controllable traction ensured faster and safer colonic ESD in the porcine model. We expect this method could reduce the technical difficulty of colonic ESD in humans, and that it could well be helpful to novice and intermediate level endoscopists, and even experts on certain occasions. “
“Through injection of bulking agents, radiofrequency and variations of fundoplication, multiple endoscopic approaches

to the therapy of GERD have focused on increasing cardia/lower esophageal sphincter narrowing. Dysphagia following band ligation, secondary to scar formation, is not uncommon in both variceal band ligation and endoscopic mucosal resection. The therapeutic impact of targeted band ligation with/without mucosectomy on GERD patients was evaluated up to 12 months of follow up. Patients with documented PPI responsive GERD Venetoclax cell line with an abnormal pH study underwent targeted band ligation with/without mucosectomy. Band ligation was performed in all four Chorioepithelioma quadrants not more than 5 mm distal to the Z-line and in 3 or 4 quadrants not more than 5 mm proximal

to the Z-line. Patient were randomized by sealed envelope to band ligation vs. band ligation with mucosectomy and blinded to the therapy performed. Six months after the procedure, all patients completed a medication history, GERD-HQRL questionnaire and underwent repeat pH testing. With the exception of repeat pH testing, this data was compiled at 12 months as well. 10 patients participated in the trial, half of whom underwent band ligation with mucosectomy. No procedural complications occurred. All patients had complete 6 month data and 7/10 patients have complete 12 month data. All patients are expected to have complete 12 month data by May, 2013. Three patients reported de novo dysphagia, one required dilation. Mean HQRL scores (off medications) improved from 26.6 to 9 at 6 months and 6.9 at 12 months, with 60% and 71% of scores normalizing at those respective time points. Improvement was noted in the band-ligation with mucosectomy group, with mean HQRL scores improving from 26.2 to 7.4 at 6 months and 7.5 at 12 months with band-ligation alone, with mean HQRL scores improving from 27 to 10.6 at 6 months and 6 at 12 months (See Figure 1).

We reviewed 3 class I95 and 96 or Ia97 studies, 2 class II studies,98 and 99 and 14 class III studies100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112 and 113

addressing the remediation of executive functioning, including training in metacognitive strategies to increase awareness. Two of the class I and Ia studies95 and 97 compared an awareness-training protocol with conventional occupational therapies after moderate or severe TBI (n=33) or stroke (n=8). In 1 of these studies,97 the awareness-training protocol incorporated feedback selleck inhibitor to increase participants’ awareness of their abilities, with experiential exercises requiring participants to predict, self-monitor, and self-evaluate their performance. Improvements in awareness, performance of IADLs, and overall function were evident for both

groups. The awareness intervention was associated with greater increase in self-awareness of deficits after Belnacasan supplier treatment, but not with better performance of IADLs or general functioning compared with conventional rehabilitation. The second class I study95 employed self-awareness and verbal self-regulation strategies during performance of IADLs tasks. Participants were asked to define their performance goals, predict task performance, anticipate difficulties, select a strategy to circumvent difficulties, assess the amount of assistance required to successfully perform the task, and self-evaluate performance. Participants in the control condition performed the same IADLs tasks as the treatment group, but received conventional practice without the awareness intervention. Participants who received the awareness intervention demonstrated significant improvements in self-regulation skills and cognitive aspects of IADLs performance when compared with participants receiving conventional therapy, whose performance either did not improve or decline. No differences between groups were evident

on either general or task-specific measures of awareness or a measure of community integration after the 6 treatment sessions. STK38 A number of single-case studies support the benefits of metacognitive training and suggest that the most consistent benefits of this treatment are apparent on participants’ online monitoring, awareness of errors, and error management.104 and 108 One class I study96 evaluated the use of autobiographical memory cuing to improve performance on a planning task by people with TBI. Participants in the experimental group received a single session of instruction on the use of specific examples from their memory of similar activities in order to solve a functional problem situation (eg, planning a vacation). The intervention was successful in increasing the recall of specific memories and effectiveness of functional planning, suggesting that this procedure might be an effective component of training on problem-solving techniques.

As estimativas Alectinib cell line do painel indicam ainda que, dos doentes portadores de G1, serão candidatos a terapêutica tripla 70% dos doentes sem tratamento prévio e 95% dos não respondedores à terapêutica dupla. De acordo com o painel de peritos, atualmente estima‐se que 35% dos doentes diagnosticados com infeção

pelo VHC já tenham efetuado tratamento e que 55% destes casos estejam curados da infeção (RVM). Dos doentes tratados e curados, 79,5% já não se encontram em seguimento clínico, mas 20% dos doentes permanecem em seguimento. Estes doentes têm cirrose hepática compensada pelo que, apesar de atingida a RVM, têm um prognóstico pós‐tratamento diferente, sendo necessário efetuar o rastreio de possíveis complicações hepáticas, como CHC e varizes esofágicas27; 0,5% dos doentes progride para CHC (tabela Caspase inhibitor 2). A estimativa atual do número de doentes elegíveis para terapêutica antivírica, obtida a partir do painel de peritos, é apresentada na figura 2. O número estimado de doentes sem tratamento prévio elegíveis para tratamento ascende a aproximadamente

11.000. Destes, espera‐se que 20% sejam tratados anualmente (cerca de 2.150 doentes/ano). O VHC constitui a principal indicação para transplantação hepática associada a infeções víricas30. Em Portugal, o painel de peritos estimou que 20% dos transplantes hepáticos realizados sejam devidos ao VHC. Considerando uma média de 250 transplantes hepáticos (-)-p-Bromotetramisole Oxalate realizados anualmente em Portugal, cerca de 50 destes transplantes serão devidos ao VHC40. Dado o curso lento da hepatite C crónica, é expectável que a necessidade de transplante hepático aumente nos próximos anos devido ao incremento do número de casos de descompensação hepática e CHC41 and 42. O esquema posológico

da terapêutica dupla difere entre portadores de G1/4 e G2/3, relativamente à dose de RBV e à duração média do tratamento. Assim, o cálculo do custo anual da terapêutica dupla baseou‐se primeiramente na distribuição do número de doentes a tratar/ano por genótipo, utilizando as estimativas do painel de peritos mencionadas anteriormente (G5/6 não incluídos na estimativa, dada a prevalência residual em Portugal). Para efeitos de cálculo assumiu‐se ainda, com base no painel de peritos, que 70% dos doentes serão tratados com Peg‐IFN 2a e 30% com Peg‐IFN 2b. Globalmente, estima‐se que o custo anual da medicação antivírica (PegIFN + RBV) utilizada no tratamento de novos casos seja de 12,7 milhões de euros (tabela 3). Estima‐se ainda que os custos anuais da monitorização destes doentes (consultas e exames complementares de diagnóstico) correspondam a aproximadamente 5 milhões de euros, perfazendo um custo total de 17,7 milhões de euros. Os custos unitários dos novos tratamentos com terapêutica tripla foram calculados com base na duração estimada do tratamento, definida pelo estádio do doente (com ou sem cirrose) e pela obtenção da resposta virológica extensiva, oscilando entre 24.000‐45.

Dose response curves were measured in triplicate, and controls (1 nM dihydrotestosterone (DHT) Thiazovivin manufacturer and 0.1% ethanol, respectively) were repeated 6-fold. Measurement of luciferase activity was performed in cellular crude extracts using a Synergy HT plate reader from BioTek (Bad Friedrichshall, Germany). Cells were lysed in situ using 50 μl of lysis buffer (0.1 M tris–acetate, 2 mM EDTA, and 1% triton-x, pH 7.8), shaking the plate moderately for 20 min at room temperature. Following cellular lysis 150 μl

of luciferase buffer (25 mM glycylglycine, 15 mM MgCl2 and 4 mM EGTA, 1 mM DTT, 1 mM ATP, pH 7.8) and 50 μl of luciferin solution (25 mM glycylglycine, 15 mM MgCl2 and 4 mM EGTA, 0.2 mM luciferin, pH 7.8) were added automatically to each well in order to measure luminescence. All values were corrected for the mean of the negative control and then related to the positive control which was set to 100%. Cell line HeLa9903 was obtained from the JCRB (JCRB-No. 1318). These cells contain stable expression constructs for human ERα and firefly luciferase, respectively. The selleck chemical latter is under transcriptional control of five ERE promoter elements from the vitellogenin gene. The transcription of ERα was confirmed by RT-PCR, as was the absence of AR-transcripts (Fig. S1). The assay was performed according

to the OECD test guideline TG455 (OECD, 2009) as follows. Cells were cultivated in phenol red free MEM containing 10% (v/v) of charcoal stripped FCS at 37 °C in an atmosphere with 5% CO2. For the actual assay cells were seeded into white 96-well polystyrene plates at a concentration of 104 cells per 100 μl and well (Costar/Corning, Amsterdam, Netherlands). Test substances were added 3 h after seeding by adding 50 μl of triple concentrated substance stocks to each well. As before dose response curves for treated samples were measured Orotidine 5′-phosphate decarboxylase in triplicate, while controls (1 nM E2 or 0.1% ethanol, respectively) were repeated 6-fold. After 24 h of stimulation, cells were washed with PBS and then lysed using 50 μl

of lysis buffer and moderate shaking for 20 min at room temperature. Subsequent measurement of luciferase activity was performed analogous to the aforedescribed androgen reporter gene assay. All values were corrected for the mean of the negative controls and then related to the positive controls set as 100%. Cell line MCF-7 was obtained from the ATCC (ATCC-No. HTB-22) and checked with RT-PCR for transcription of ER, AR, GPR30 and AhR (Fig. S1). Cells were routinely passaged in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% FCS (v/v), 100 U/ml Penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin and grown at 37 °C in an atmosphere with 5% CO2. Prior to the actual assays the cells were transferred into hormone-free medium (phenol red free RPMI 1640 with 5% of charcoal stripped FCS).

Premutagenic damages may be repaired prior to cell division while the damages in the second and third groups are permanent and have the ability of transmission to daughter cells after cell division (Guy, 2005) (Fig. 1). Between chromosomal assessments, micronucleus has been recognized as the most reliable and successful test as verified by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). A micronucleus is referred to the third nucleus formed during the metaphase/anaphase transition of mitosis. The group of these cytoplasmic

bodies is called micronuclei having a portion of acentric chromosome or whole chromosome, which does not integrate in the opposite poles during the anaphase. This results in the formation of daughter cells without a part or all of a chromosome. Regarding sensitivity, reliability, and cost-effectiveness Selleck Pictilisib of this test, it has been proposed as a biomarker for genotoxicity calculations, and has been used in different studies on pesticide-exposed populations. Most of these AZD8055 surveys implied on the increased level

of micronucleus formation in people dealing with pesticides for a long time (Costa et al., 2011, Ergene et al., 2007 and Garaj-Vrhovac and Zeljezic, 2002). Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) or exchange of genetic material between sister chromatids is another testing for chemicals suspected to be mutagenic. Elevated level of SCE has been observed in some diseases, including Bloom syndrome and Behçet’s syndrome and maybe tumor formation. There are some reports on increased frequency of SCE in pesticide applicators who worked in agricultural fields (Carbonell et al., 1990, Rupa et al., 1991 and Zeljezic and Garaj-Vrhovac, 2002). Single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) or Comet assay is a simple and sensitive testing for evaluation of DNA strand breaks

in eukaryotic cells (Dhawan et al., 2009). This technique has been frequently used for biomonitoring genotoxic effect of pesticides in a large number of studies most of which implicate on induction of DNA damage by aminophylline these chemicals (Grover et al., 2003, Mostafalou and Abdollahi, 2012c, Shadnia et al., 2005 and Zeljezic and Garaj-Vrhovac, 2001). Although, genotoxicity assays are among necessary tests applying for pesticides prior to introducing to the market, collected data from post-market monitoring studies have been evident for potential of allowed pesticides in induction of genetic damages. Considering genetic damages as one of the main events for cancer induction or development, further studies focusing on genotoxicity of pesticides, of course in appropriate models like exposure to their mixtures along with some other promoting factors, are required to understand the carcinogenic and tumorigenic mechanisms of pesticides (Table 3).

7 ± 15.0 and 17.4 ± 8.0% respectively). The GFP+ fraction in the adjacent tissue of the skin was significantly larger than in the adjacent tissue of the mucoperiosteum (p = 0.004). The fraction of myofibroblasts (Fig. 3B) in the mucoperiosteal wounds (46.4 ± 23.8%) was

larger than in the adjacent tissue (0.69 ± 0.53%; p = 0.002) but also larger than in the skin wounds (7.3 ± 7.1%; p = 0.012). In contrast, the fraction of myofibroblasts in skin wounds and adjacent tissue was similar. The fraction of GFP-positive myofibroblasts ( Fig. 3C) in the mucoperiosteal wounds (4.6 ± 3.0%) was larger than in the adjacent tissue (0 ± 0%; p = 0.023), which was not the case in skin wounds and adjacent tissue. The fraction of activated fibroblasts (Fig. 3D) in the skin wounds (78.5 ± 4.7%) was slightly larger than in the Bleomycin mw adjacent tissue (64.6 EGFR inhibitor ±7.4%, p = 0.010). The slight difference in the mucoperiosteum was not significant. The fraction of GFP-positive activated fibroblasts tended to be larger in both types of wound tissues than in the adjacent tissues (

Fig. 3E). The fraction of macrophages (Fig. 3F) was not significantly different in all tissues. The mucoperiosteal adjacent tissue (7.5 ± 5.7%) and the skin adjacent tissue (16.1 ± 6.2%) contained similar numbers of macrophages. No significant differences were found in the fraction of GFP-positive macrophages (Fig. 3G). We hypothesized that more BMDCs are recruited to quickly healing tissues such as the oral mucosa than

to more slowly healing tissues such as the skin. This was based on earlier data obtained from regenerating endometrium of the human uterus where up to 48% of the epithelial cells are derived from the bone marrow.26 However, later it was shown in some mouse models that the contribution was far less.27 This is probably due to differences in the process of endometrial regeneration between humans and rodents. Previous studies indicate that about 14% of the cells in skin wounds in mice are derived from the bone marrow, and that this is increased by wounding.28 Our data show that about from 8% of the cells in mucoperiosteal wounds is recruited from the bone marrow, which is about 10 times higher than in the normal adjacent tissue. In contrast, the recruitment of BMDCs to skin wounds and the adjacent normal tissue is comparable, but about twofold larger than in mucoperiosteal wounds. Moreover, the total population of BMDCs in normal skin is about 25 times larger than in normal mucoperiosteum. Our data indicate that, in the mucoperiosteum, BMDCs are preferentially recruited to the wound but not in the skin. Alternatively, BMDCs recruitment in skin wounds might have peaked earlier than two weeks after wounding as reported in a mouse model.28 The long-term contribution of BMDCs, however, was similar to our findings. In the light of tissue remodelling and scarring, this might be the more relevant population.

The advances

in vaccine technology have initiated a future of novel and innovative vaccine designs based on new knowledge of the antigenic properties of pathogens and the ways in which a protective immune response might be induced. “
“Key concepts ■ Adjuvantation of vaccines is a well-established concept and practice The adjuvant concept is more than 80 years old with the first adjuvant present in human vaccines, an aluminium salt (aluminium potassium sulphate, also known as alum), appearing in the 1920s. About 70 years later a licensed vaccine with an alternative adjuvant to aluminium salt was developed ( Figure 4.1). The addition of components other than the pathogen or antigen to vaccine AZD6244 mouse preparations represents one of the original attempts to improve vaccine efficacy. Adjuvants are substances that can enhance and modulate the immunogenicity of the vaccine antigen. In a vaccine, the specificity of the immune response is provided by the antigen and the role of the adjuvant is to MG-132 solubility dmso amplify this immune response. Live vaccines

usually do not require adjuvants as they mimic natural infection and are therefore ‘naturally adjuvanted’. Most inactivated (whole or subunit) vaccines do require adjuvants since the inactivation processes remove, in part or totally, the pathogenic features of the microorganisms that are responsible for triggering the immune response. Inactivated vaccines may retain some of the characteristics that stimulate the innate

immune system (ie pathogen-associated molecular patterns [PAMPs], see Chapter 2 – Vaccine immunology), but the amount and context of these PAMPs may be insufficient to provoke long-lasting immunity. Aluminium salts have been sufficient to induce an adequate immune response for most of the licensed inactivated and subunit vaccines. However, many of the modern vaccines consist of highly purified antigens for which the natural innate immune triggers are not present. These refined formulations often show reduced immunogenicity and therefore require adjuvantation. Classic aluminium salts are not always capable of eliciting these the desired immune response and more complex adjuvantation may be required. One of the promising approaches to improve efficacy of newly developed prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines is the use of innovative adjuvants including the technique of combining different types of adjuvants into single formulations. Adjuvant selection There is no universal adjuvant to cover all vaccine needs. The appropriate selection of adjuvants to match the antigens is key to the formulation of novel and efficacious vaccines. For example, different aluminium salts (phosphate or hydroxide) are used depending on the ion charge required for binding to the antigen.

A two day workshop was held earlier this year

in connection with pelagic fisheries and the creation of the Chagos Marine Protected Area. This half a million square kilometres sits in the middle of the Indian Ocean Talazoparib cell line where, amongst other things, pelagic fisheries will be prohibited from late 2010. It is a roughly circular zone about 450 nautical miles in diameter. Detailed aspects of this are in this issue Koldewey et al. (2010). Chagos has a marvellously rich set of coral reefs, which was the motive driving the MPA creation by the UK government in the first place, but it is also is a region where tuna fisheries once operated. The Chagos MPA will double the no-take pelagic area in the oceans, but how significant Metabolism inhibitor is this, both in quantitative terms and in terms of the change in attitude towards the pelagic fishing industry by placing such restrictions upon it? The case for protection has long been clear for marine species with low mobility, such as reef sharks and coral reef fishes that would clearly benefit from zero fishing mortality throughout their home range throughout their annual cycle. But the most contentious question occupied

the most time – that of closure also to tuna fisheries. The workshop was not very important for any formal conclusion which, apart from those unanimous and inevitable Florfenicol calls for more research etc., was irreconcilably divided between the tuna fishers that were present and environmental

scientists. But it was illuminating for views gleaned during informal conversations between sessions. Those of us who have advocated no-take MPAs were castigated by the industry on several issues. Firstly, we were lectured, the area is too small to make any difference to the oceanic tuna fishery (so we should not bother to make it a no-take zone). Others said the area was so big it will adversely affect the tuna industry (so we should not make it a no-take zone). The tone of the language used privately was sometimes arrogant and aggressive, reflecting perhaps the presumed ownership that fisheries have exerted over the oceans. This ownership has been largely unchallenged until recently, but now some governments are beginning to designate large MPAs and, finally, to apply no-take status to pelagic fisheries. Chagos is thus a test case in this sense. Some fisheries proponents claimed that the data are so poor for Indian Ocean tuna that there was no science to back up a closure. So, of course, it shouldn’t be closed. Another claimed the data from this part of the Ocean were so good that we must not stop collecting more. And so on. This kind of industry-favouring prevarication and obfuscation will be familiar to any non-fisheries scientist following fisheries debates over the last two decades.

0 software package for Windows. Lodging resistance was used as the dependent variable, while lignin, cellulose, AOVB, NOVB, AOT and WOMT were used as independent variables. Potential microsatellite markers linked to stem solidness genes were identified by screening the F2 population using bulked segregant analysis. DNA was extracted from young leaf tissues using the CTAB method. The solid and hollow stem DNA pools were composed of 5 solid and 5 hollow stemmed F2 plants, respectively. Along with the parental DNA, the bulked DNA samples were used to screen 607 SSR markers (210 GWM [19] and 397 BARC [20]). The PCR mixture

(20 μL) consisted of 2.0 μL of 10 × buffer, 1.6 μL of Mg2 + (25 mmol L− 1), 2.0 μL of dNTP (2 mmol L− 1), 2.0 μL of DNA (10–20 ng μL− 1), 2.0 μL of primer (2 μmol L− 1), 0.2 μL of Taq DNA polymerase (5 check details U μL− 1), and 10.2 μL of ddH2O and was subjected to a thermocycler program of 94 °C for 5 min; NU7441 clinical trial followed by 30 cycles at 94 °C for 1 min, 60, 55, or 50 °C for 1 min (depending on each primer set), and 72 °C for 1 min; with a final extension at 72 °C for 5 min. The PCR products were electrophoresed in 4% polyacrylamide gels and detected by silver staining [21]. Marker-trait associations were identified by single factor ANOVA and the proportion of phenotypic variation explained by single marker loci was determined as

the ratio of sum of squares for marker class divided

by sum of squares of entries [12]. The characteristics Selleck Lenvatinib of stem pith varied significantly among the four genotypes examined (Fig. 1). Solid stemmed XNSX showed the greatest amount of pith material (Fig. 1B), whereas CS and Line 3159 had hollow stems (Fig. 1A and C), and the characteristics of F1 plants were similar to the solid-stemmed parent except for the third and fourth internodes (Fig. 1D). Significant differences were also detected in the anatomical characteristics of the four genotypes, especially the transverse sections of solid stemmed wheat XNSX, which had more mechanical and parenchyma tissues (Fig. 2C and D) than the other three genotypes (Fig. 2A, B, E and F); F1 plants were almost intermediate between their parents in the corresponding values (Fig. 2G and H). The morphological data for the four wheat genotypes are shown in Table 1. AOT in the solid stemmed and F1 plants were significantly larger than that of CS. In contrast, there were only minor differences in AOVB among the four genotypes (Table 1). The widths of stem walls in XNSX and F1 were 2.7- and 2.6-fold that in CS, and WOMT values were 2.1- and 1.7-fold that in CS. Only slight differences were observed in TNVB among the four genotypes, but the WOL of XNSX and F1 plants were significantly higher than those of Line 3159 and CS (Table 1). The contents of cellulose and lignin showed slight differences among the four genotypes.

The numerical oscillations visible in the Fluidity output become negligible at 1000 m resolution, with little difference between results at resolutions between 1000 m and 125 m http://www.selleckchem.com/products/BAY-73-4506.html ( Fig. 2). The observed numerical oscillations are caused by the sharpness of the leading and trailing edges of the slide, where minimal smoothing of 1000 m was used ( Haugen et al., 2005). Increasing

the smoothness of these edges (by increasing S in (9)) removes the oscillations. Clearly, the mesh resolution must be high enough to capture the smoothing length or the slide will have an effective flat front. To check that this was the cause of the spurious oscillations, the 5000 m resolution case was re-run with a smoothing length of 7500 m. The results show much reduced oscillations, but with the

wave form shifted due to the new location of maximum height ( Fig. 2). This experiment confirms the correct implementation of the boundary condition and shows how the assumed shape of the slide dictates the mesh resolution required in the slide area. A slide with steeper leading and trailing edges requires higher spatial resolution to eliminate numerical oscillations. To extend our validation Olaparib supplier of Fluidity’s new slide-tsunami model to three dimensions, we also replicated a simulation of landslide generated waves that are only weakly dispersive (Ma et al., 2013). Recent work by Ma et al. (2013) simulated the wave train produced by a rigid-block model in a three-dimensional domain on a constant slope. We can therefore compare Fluidity to the results shown in Ma et al. (2013). The domain is 8 ×× 8 km, with a constant slope of 4°. We set the minimum depth to be 12 m and the maximum to be 400 m. We used a horizontal model resolution

was 25 m in x   and y   and explored the influence of vertical resolution by performing simulations with 1–4 layers. Ma et al. (2013) use a different slide geometry to that described above, based on the work of Enet and Grilli (2007). The slide geometry is given by: equation(13) hs=hmax1-∊1coshkbx1coshkwy-∊where kb=2C/b,kw=2C/wkb=2C/b,kw=2C/w and C=acosh(1/∊)C=acosh(1/∊). The slide has length b=686b=686 m, width w=343w=343 m and thickness hmax=24hmax=24 DAPT mouse m. The truncation parameter, ∊∊ is 0.717. The slides moves according to: equation(14) s(t)=s0lncoshtt0where s0=ut2/a0,t0=uta0,a0=0.27 m s−2, and ut=21.09ut=21.09 m s−1 as detailed in Ma et al. (2013). We use these definitions of the slide height and speed for comparisons to Ma et al. (2013). The resulting wave is very similar in magnitude and waveform to that shown in Ma et al. (2013), even using only a single layer in the vertical (Fig. 3). Convergence of the Fluidity model results is observed for three or more element layers (c.f. 40 layers used by Ma et al. (2013)), indicating that the wave is only weakly dispersive. In more detail, Fluidity produces slightly lower amplitude waves than those reported by Ma et al. (2013) (Fig.