“Germlings were grown from


“Germlings were grown from Wnt inhibitor Monostroma latissimum Wittr. reproductive cells on nylon ropes. Holdfast threads and some uniseriate

filaments were observed to have penetrated the fibers of the dispersed ropes. The algal filaments were easily isolated and prepared for cultivation, in comparison to the methods of enzymatically isolated algal protoplasts. Under low light (60–100 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1), the algal filaments grew to form a filamentous mass. When cultivated under stronger light (300–600 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1), they grew to initially form tubular thalli and then, when cultivated under light intensities >700 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1, formed foliaceous thalli. Consequently, the filaments were homogenized into small sections and then sewed on the nylon rope for algal mass cultivation. Under high-intensity natural light, they grew to form leafy thalli. “
“Taxonomy of the brown algal genus Dictyota has a long and troubled history. Our inability to distinguish morphological plasticity from fixed diagnostic traits that separate the various species has severely confounded species delineation. From continental Europe, more than 60 species and intraspecific taxa have been described over the last two centuries. Using a molecular approach, we addressed the diversity

of the genus in European waters and made necessary taxonomic changes. A densely sampled DNA data set demonstrated the presence of six evolutionarily 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 significant units (ESUs): 3-MA in vivo Dictyota dichotoma (Huds.) J. V. Lamour., D. fasciola (Roth) J. V. Lamour., D. implexa J. V. Lamour., D. mediterranea (Schiffn.) G. Furnari, D. spiralis Mont., and the newly described D. cyanoloma sp. nov., which was previously reported as D. ciliolata from the Mediterranean Sea. Species distributions, based on DNA-confirmed occurrence records, indicate

that all species are geographically confined to the NE Atlantic Ocean with the exception of D. dichotoma and D. implexa, which also occur in South Africa and Bermuda, respectively. To investigate potential hybridization between D. dichotoma and D. implexa, which were previously shown to be sexually compatible in culture, we compiled and analyzed sets of mitochondrial, plastid, and nuclear markers to detect putative hybrids or introgression in natural populations. Failure to detect natural hybrids indicates that effective pre- and postzygotic isolation mechanisms are at play in natural populations and supports the by-product hypothesis of reproductive isolation. “
“Unicellular green algae of the genus Interfilum (Klebsormidiales, Streptophyta) are typical components of biological soil crusts. Four different aeroterrestrial Interfilum strains that have previously been molecular-taxonomically characterized and isolated from temperate soils in Belgium, Czech Republic, New Zealand, and Ukraine were investigated.


“Germlings were grown from


“Germlings were grown from BMS-777607 research buy Monostroma latissimum Wittr. reproductive cells on nylon ropes. Holdfast threads and some uniseriate

filaments were observed to have penetrated the fibers of the dispersed ropes. The algal filaments were easily isolated and prepared for cultivation, in comparison to the methods of enzymatically isolated algal protoplasts. Under low light (60–100 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1), the algal filaments grew to form a filamentous mass. When cultivated under stronger light (300–600 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1), they grew to initially form tubular thalli and then, when cultivated under light intensities >700 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1, formed foliaceous thalli. Consequently, the filaments were homogenized into small sections and then sewed on the nylon rope for algal mass cultivation. Under high-intensity natural light, they grew to form leafy thalli. “
“Taxonomy of the brown algal genus Dictyota has a long and troubled history. Our inability to distinguish morphological plasticity from fixed diagnostic traits that separate the various species has severely confounded species delineation. From continental Europe, more than 60 species and intraspecific taxa have been described over the last two centuries. Using a molecular approach, we addressed the diversity

of the genus in European waters and made necessary taxonomic changes. A densely sampled DNA data set demonstrated the presence of six evolutionarily 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 significant units (ESUs): Dabrafenib Dictyota dichotoma (Huds.) J. V. Lamour., D. fasciola (Roth) J. V. Lamour., D. implexa J. V. Lamour., D. mediterranea (Schiffn.) G. Furnari, D. spiralis Mont., and the newly described D. cyanoloma sp. nov., which was previously reported as D. ciliolata from the Mediterranean Sea. Species distributions, based on DNA-confirmed occurrence records, indicate

that all species are geographically confined to the NE Atlantic Ocean with the exception of D. dichotoma and D. implexa, which also occur in South Africa and Bermuda, respectively. To investigate potential hybridization between D. dichotoma and D. implexa, which were previously shown to be sexually compatible in culture, we compiled and analyzed sets of mitochondrial, plastid, and nuclear markers to detect putative hybrids or introgression in natural populations. Failure to detect natural hybrids indicates that effective pre- and postzygotic isolation mechanisms are at play in natural populations and supports the by-product hypothesis of reproductive isolation. “
“Unicellular green algae of the genus Interfilum (Klebsormidiales, Streptophyta) are typical components of biological soil crusts. Four different aeroterrestrial Interfilum strains that have previously been molecular-taxonomically characterized and isolated from temperate soils in Belgium, Czech Republic, New Zealand, and Ukraine were investigated.

Although we have recently observed that B-cell depletion

Although we have recently observed that B-cell depletion

exacerbates liver disease in a xenobiotic mouse model of PBC, we saw no such evidence biochemically or histologically of disease acceleration in our study.50 Notably, in our mouse model, B-cell depletion was carried out before induction of disease with a xenobiotic, suggesting that B cells may have different roles in induction of PBC compared with propagation of PBC. Of primary importance was the decreased serum alkaline phosphatase, suggesting a decrease in bile duct injury. Interestingly, the three patients (patients 2, 3, and 6) who had the greatest decrease in alkaline phosphatase had a marked decrease in their memory B-cell compartments. Moreover, two of these had dramatically BI 6727 order decreased antibody production. In summary, this study provides http://www.selleckchem.com/products/gdc-0068.html evidence for the safety and efficacy of rituximab for the treatment of patients with PBC and an incomplete response to UDCA. Our clinical outcome was a significant reduction of serum alkaline phosphatase after rituximab treatment. Multiple mechanisms were identified through which rituximab therapy may lead to clinical improvement of PBC, including reduction of serum AMA through depletion

of memory B cells, increases in Treg cells, and modulation of cytokine production. Further clinical studies targeting B cells in this population are warranted. “
“The red blood cells (RBC) count is closely associated MCE公司 with insulin resistance (IR), which is origin of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aimed to investigate the correlation of RBC indices with NAFLD. A total of 977 cases including 446 NAFLD patients and 531 controls were enrolled and examined for biochemical and metabolic indices. RBC, hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HGB), insulin, and ferritin were detected. The IR indicator latest

homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance and fatty liver index were calculated. The correlation analysis was assessed by Spearman’s rank test. Receiver operating characteristic was used to evaluate diagnostic performance. After quartile classification of RBC indices, logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the odds ratios (OR) of NAFLD. RBC, HCT, and HGB levels were obviously higher in NAFLD group. RBC, HCT, and HGB showed significant positive correlation with homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance and NAFLD. Multivariate analysis revealed HGB, ferritin, and triglyceride (TG) as independent parameters associated with NAFLD. The predictive value after combination of HGB with ferritin and TG was equal to fatty liver index.

Although we have recently observed that B-cell depletion

Although we have recently observed that B-cell depletion

exacerbates liver disease in a xenobiotic mouse model of PBC, we saw no such evidence biochemically or histologically of disease acceleration in our study.50 Notably, in our mouse model, B-cell depletion was carried out before induction of disease with a xenobiotic, suggesting that B cells may have different roles in induction of PBC compared with propagation of PBC. Of primary importance was the decreased serum alkaline phosphatase, suggesting a decrease in bile duct injury. Interestingly, the three patients (patients 2, 3, and 6) who had the greatest decrease in alkaline phosphatase had a marked decrease in their memory B-cell compartments. Moreover, two of these had dramatically PR-171 decreased antibody production. In summary, this study provides Selleckchem Raf inhibitor evidence for the safety and efficacy of rituximab for the treatment of patients with PBC and an incomplete response to UDCA. Our clinical outcome was a significant reduction of serum alkaline phosphatase after rituximab treatment. Multiple mechanisms were identified through which rituximab therapy may lead to clinical improvement of PBC, including reduction of serum AMA through depletion

of memory B cells, increases in Treg cells, and modulation of cytokine production. Further clinical studies targeting B cells in this population are warranted. “
“The red blood cells (RBC) count is closely associated medchemexpress with insulin resistance (IR), which is origin of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aimed to investigate the correlation of RBC indices with NAFLD. A total of 977 cases including 446 NAFLD patients and 531 controls were enrolled and examined for biochemical and metabolic indices. RBC, hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HGB), insulin, and ferritin were detected. The IR indicator latest

homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance and fatty liver index were calculated. The correlation analysis was assessed by Spearman’s rank test. Receiver operating characteristic was used to evaluate diagnostic performance. After quartile classification of RBC indices, logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the odds ratios (OR) of NAFLD. RBC, HCT, and HGB levels were obviously higher in NAFLD group. RBC, HCT, and HGB showed significant positive correlation with homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance and NAFLD. Multivariate analysis revealed HGB, ferritin, and triglyceride (TG) as independent parameters associated with NAFLD. The predictive value after combination of HGB with ferritin and TG was equal to fatty liver index.

Five cases (17%) in the present study had a large number of plasm

Five cases (17%) in the present study had a large number of plasma cells intermixed with irregular fibrosis. This sclerosing inflammation is a characteristic histological feature of IgG4-related diseases including AIP, and presumably might be biopsied from the main lesion of the pancreatobiliary system. Indeed, the histological features of lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis are the most important characteristics for diagnosing AIP.19 In addition, all of those cases showed more than 10 IgG4-positive plasma cells per HPF in their bile duct biopsies. In those cases, a definitive diagnosis of AIP or IgG4-SC might be possible from the pathological aspect. The ability to discriminate between IgG4-SC and PSC is

currently an important issue.23 Similar to previous reports, the present study showed that Natural Product Library manufacturer IgG4 immunostaining of the ampullar biopsy is useful for making this distinction. Although a bile duct biopsy is also useful, it should Omipalisib manufacturer be noted that more than 10 IgG4-positive plasma cells might rarely be observed in bile duct biopsies from PSC patients. The pathological features of IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis and PSC are different.6 IgG4-cholangiopathy inflammation shows a transmural and homogeneous distribution within the bile duct wall. Erosions or intraluminal proliferation of xanthogranulatious tissue are rare.6 IgG4-cholangiopathy

is sometimes associated with an exuberant pseudotumorous inflammatory reaction. In contrast, inflammation is more pronounced on the luminal side with erosions

or ulcerations in patients diagnosed with classical PSC. Before starting the present study, we speculated that these features might be useful for assessing bile duct biopsies. However, it was difficult to examine the distribution of inflammation on biopsied specimens because only luminal tissues were typically biopsied. One of the limitations of the present study was the small number of PSC patients. Therefore, additional studies are necessary to conclude 上海皓元 that bile duct biopsies are useful to discriminate between IgG4-SC and PSC. Another issue was the technical difficulty of bile duct biopsy. Biopsy samples are sometimes small or have artificial degeneration. The quality of the biopsy samples depends considerably on the experience of the endoscopists. One possible interpretation is that the diagnostic rate of pancreatobiliary carcinoma based on a bile duct biopsy is too high in the present study. One explanation for this higher rate is that we have actively carried out this procedure for many patients who were suspected to have this malignancy and have gained technical experience. The present study showed the usefulness of Vater’s ampulla and bile duct biopsies for assessing the number of IgG4-positive plasma cells. Notably, the bile duct biopsy can show not only the number of IgG4-positive cells but also the histological features that are directly related to IgG4-SC or AIP.

The presence of ascites was confirmed at the time the rats were k

The presence of ascites was confirmed at the time the rats were killed following laparotomy by abdominal fluid drainage. Diagnosis of cirrhosis was confirmed postmortem by microscopic examination of hematoxylin-stained liver sections. A

43% albumin (Sigma Aldrich, Milan, Italy) solution in 0.9% saline was injected into the caudal vein of 15 rats with cirrhosis and ascites and 15 control rats. Two albumin doses were administered: the first dose (1.5 g/kg) was infused 3 days before sacrifice of the animals, and the second dose (1 g/kg) was infused the day before sacrifice. The doses were chosen in order to simulate those which are commonly given to patients with cirrhosis and ascites when a spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is diagnosed in order to prevent the development

Ensartinib concentration of renal failure.10, Selleck Panobinostat 11 Fifteen control animals and 15 rats with cirrhosis and ascites were treated with an equivalent volume of 0.9% of saline. A synthetic plasma expander, hydroxyethyl starch (HES) (10% hydroxyethyl starch HES 200/0.5 in isotonic sodium chloride solution, Fresenius Kabi Deutschland, Friedberg, Germany) was injected into the caudal vein of 15 rats with cirrhosis and ascites and 15 control rats. HES was administered at the same doses and with the same schedule of albumin. To monitor the effects of albumin, saline, or HES on the effective circulating volume a blood sample was obtained in rats with cirrhosis and ascites just before and after administration of the two doses of each plasma expander for the measurement of plasma renin activity (PRA). PRA was measured by means of RIA (Radim, Pomezia, Italy). After intraperitoneal injection of 300 μL of heparin (5000 U/mL) animals were sacrificed by decapitation. Subsequently, the heart, cannulated through the aorta, was mounted in a Langendorff apparatus for retrograde perfusion, perfused at constant flow (10 mL/min), and electrically driven at a frequency of

6 Hz using platinum electrodes placed in the left atrium as described.17 Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) was measured by inserting a steel cannula into the left ventricle and connecting it to a pressure transducer (2B Instruments, Besozzo, Italy). The perfusion medium was a modified Krebs-Henselheit MCE公司 saline solution with the following composition: 118 mM NaCl, 4.7 mM KCl, 2.5 mM CaCl2, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 25 mM NaHCO3, 11.1 mM glucose, and 2.0 mM disodium pyruvate, bubbled with a 95%/5% O2/CO2 mixture at 37°C. Following a stabilizing period of 20 minutes, the heart was stimulated with increasing concentrations of isoproterenol (from 10−10 to 10−8 M) to obtain a concentration-response curve. The LVDP was continuously recorded and stored by a real-time digital acquisition and analysis system (model MP-100, Biopac System, Santa Barbara, CA). LVDP was calculated as the difference between systolic and diastolic values of LV pressure.

The presence of ascites was confirmed at the time the rats were k

The presence of ascites was confirmed at the time the rats were killed following laparotomy by abdominal fluid drainage. Diagnosis of cirrhosis was confirmed postmortem by microscopic examination of hematoxylin-stained liver sections. A

43% albumin (Sigma Aldrich, Milan, Italy) solution in 0.9% saline was injected into the caudal vein of 15 rats with cirrhosis and ascites and 15 control rats. Two albumin doses were administered: the first dose (1.5 g/kg) was infused 3 days before sacrifice of the animals, and the second dose (1 g/kg) was infused the day before sacrifice. The doses were chosen in order to simulate those which are commonly given to patients with cirrhosis and ascites when a spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is diagnosed in order to prevent the development

www.selleckchem.com/products/azd2014.html of renal failure.10, Nutlin-3a chemical structure 11 Fifteen control animals and 15 rats with cirrhosis and ascites were treated with an equivalent volume of 0.9% of saline. A synthetic plasma expander, hydroxyethyl starch (HES) (10% hydroxyethyl starch HES 200/0.5 in isotonic sodium chloride solution, Fresenius Kabi Deutschland, Friedberg, Germany) was injected into the caudal vein of 15 rats with cirrhosis and ascites and 15 control rats. HES was administered at the same doses and with the same schedule of albumin. To monitor the effects of albumin, saline, or HES on the effective circulating volume a blood sample was obtained in rats with cirrhosis and ascites just before and after administration of the two doses of each plasma expander for the measurement of plasma renin activity (PRA). PRA was measured by means of RIA (Radim, Pomezia, Italy). After intraperitoneal injection of 300 μL of heparin (5000 U/mL) animals were sacrificed by decapitation. Subsequently, the heart, cannulated through the aorta, was mounted in a Langendorff apparatus for retrograde perfusion, perfused at constant flow (10 mL/min), and electrically driven at a frequency of

6 Hz using platinum electrodes placed in the left atrium as described.17 Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) was measured by inserting a steel cannula into the left ventricle and connecting it to a pressure transducer (2B Instruments, Besozzo, Italy). The perfusion medium was a modified Krebs-Henselheit MCE公司 saline solution with the following composition: 118 mM NaCl, 4.7 mM KCl, 2.5 mM CaCl2, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 25 mM NaHCO3, 11.1 mM glucose, and 2.0 mM disodium pyruvate, bubbled with a 95%/5% O2/CO2 mixture at 37°C. Following a stabilizing period of 20 minutes, the heart was stimulated with increasing concentrations of isoproterenol (from 10−10 to 10−8 M) to obtain a concentration-response curve. The LVDP was continuously recorded and stored by a real-time digital acquisition and analysis system (model MP-100, Biopac System, Santa Barbara, CA). LVDP was calculated as the difference between systolic and diastolic values of LV pressure.

However, the long term implications are unknown Current guidelin

However, the long term implications are unknown. Current guidelines suggest cessation of treatment in the last trimester of pregnancy to reduce fetal exposure but this is difficult for women with IBD who are not in deep remission, as active disease is a greater risk for adverse pregnancy outcome. This study aimed to examine drug levels of ATA in cord blood of newborns

exposed to ATA in pregnancy, and to correlate these with maternal levels, the duration of therapy during pregnancy, and time to clearance of ATA in infants. Methods: Women with IBD exposed to infliximab (IFX) or adalimumab (ADA) during pregnancy were included from 2012-present at 14 hospitals in Australia, New Zealand and Denmark. ATA levels were measured using an ELISA in cord and maternal blood at delivery (Matriks Biotek). If positive at birth, the infants were NSC 683864 tested every third month until ATA were undetectable. Demographics, disease phenotype, disease activity in pregnancy, duration of ATA use in pregnancy, medication and pregnancy outcomes were prospectively BVD-523 price collected by questionnaire and from the treating doctor. Results: 80 pregnant women have been enrolled, and so far 53 mother-baby pairs have been tested (27 IFX and 26 ADA). An inverse correlation between duration since last exposure and cord ATA levels

at birth was found (IFX: r = −0.58, p = 0.002; ADA: r = −0.42, p = 0.047). This was also the case for maternal levels at birth (IFX: r = −0.59, p = 0.002; ADA: r = −0.52, p = 0.01). There was a strong 上海皓元 correlation between cord blood and maternal levels at delivery (IFX: Pearson’s r = 0.80, p < 0.0001; ADA: r = 0.80, p < 0.0001). Drug was ceased prior to gestational week (GW) 30 in 15 (28%) women. In them, mean serum concentrations were 0.81 μg/ml (IFX) and 0.08 μg/ml (ADA), and the cord blood level at delivery was <3 μg/ml in 11/15 (73%). So far 30 babies have completed testing for detectable

ATA levels, and testing is ongoing in the remaining 23 babies. Complete clearance of ATA was seen in 7, 5, 12 and 6 babies at birth, by 3, 6 and 9 months, respectively. To date there has been one detectable ATA level at 9 months. Three women (5.7%) gave birth preterm (GW 33–35). No congenital malformations were detected and all babies are developing normally. Conclusion: Maternal and neonatal ATA levels were inversely correlated with the duration since last exposure. Cord blood ATA levels were strongly correlated with maternal level at delivery. Maternal cessation of ATA prior to week 30 successfully reduced fetal exposure to drug in the vast majority of cases. Follow up will determine whether high neonatal levels have any negative consequences.

However, the long term implications are unknown Current guidelin

However, the long term implications are unknown. Current guidelines suggest cessation of treatment in the last trimester of pregnancy to reduce fetal exposure but this is difficult for women with IBD who are not in deep remission, as active disease is a greater risk for adverse pregnancy outcome. This study aimed to examine drug levels of ATA in cord blood of newborns

exposed to ATA in pregnancy, and to correlate these with maternal levels, the duration of therapy during pregnancy, and time to clearance of ATA in infants. Methods: Women with IBD exposed to infliximab (IFX) or adalimumab (ADA) during pregnancy were included from 2012-present at 14 hospitals in Australia, New Zealand and Denmark. ATA levels were measured using an ELISA in cord and maternal blood at delivery (Matriks Biotek). If positive at birth, the infants were selleck screening library tested every third month until ATA were undetectable. Demographics, disease phenotype, disease activity in pregnancy, duration of ATA use in pregnancy, medication and pregnancy outcomes were prospectively Mitomycin C molecular weight collected by questionnaire and from the treating doctor. Results: 80 pregnant women have been enrolled, and so far 53 mother-baby pairs have been tested (27 IFX and 26 ADA). An inverse correlation between duration since last exposure and cord ATA levels

at birth was found (IFX: r = −0.58, p = 0.002; ADA: r = −0.42, p = 0.047). This was also the case for maternal levels at birth (IFX: r = −0.59, p = 0.002; ADA: r = −0.52, p = 0.01). There was a strong 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 correlation between cord blood and maternal levels at delivery (IFX: Pearson’s r = 0.80, p < 0.0001; ADA: r = 0.80, p < 0.0001). Drug was ceased prior to gestational week (GW) 30 in 15 (28%) women. In them, mean serum concentrations were 0.81 μg/ml (IFX) and 0.08 μg/ml (ADA), and the cord blood level at delivery was <3 μg/ml in 11/15 (73%). So far 30 babies have completed testing for detectable

ATA levels, and testing is ongoing in the remaining 23 babies. Complete clearance of ATA was seen in 7, 5, 12 and 6 babies at birth, by 3, 6 and 9 months, respectively. To date there has been one detectable ATA level at 9 months. Three women (5.7%) gave birth preterm (GW 33–35). No congenital malformations were detected and all babies are developing normally. Conclusion: Maternal and neonatal ATA levels were inversely correlated with the duration since last exposure. Cord blood ATA levels were strongly correlated with maternal level at delivery. Maternal cessation of ATA prior to week 30 successfully reduced fetal exposure to drug in the vast majority of cases. Follow up will determine whether high neonatal levels have any negative consequences.

Key Word(s): 1 Helicobacter pylori; 2 outer-membrane protein; 3

Key Word(s): 1. Helicobacter pylori; 2. outer-membrane protein; 3. HomB Presenting Author: YONG XIE Additional Authors: ZHI RONG click here MAO, NAN JIN ZHOU, DONG SHENG LIU, FU CAI WANG Corresponding Author: YONG XIE Affiliations: The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Institute of Medical Sciences of Jiangxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang

University Objective: Macrophages play an important role in H. pylori infection. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activated macrophages to secrete plenty of cytokines which regulated inflammation and immunity reaction; T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) , an important member of TIM family, was also expressed on macrophages and could impact macrophages function through interacting

with TLR4 pathways. Until now, It is unclear that how H. pylori impacts Tim-3 and TLR4 pathways in macrophages. Methods: ①RAW264.7 cells were co-cultured with H.pylori EPZ-6438 price SS1 at different bacteria/cell ratio (MOI) at 3h, 6h, 12h, 24h and 48h were detected by MTT assay, respectively. At 12h, the mRNA expressions of Tim-3\TLR4\MyD88 were measured by RT-PCR; ②Tim-3-overexpressing RAW264.7 cells were constructed by transfer pLVX-IRES-ZsGreen-Tim-3 and co-cultured with H.pylori. The mRNA and protein expressions 上海皓元 of Tim-3\TLR4\MyD88 were determined

by RT-PCR and Western Blot. The concentrations of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-10) in supernatants were measured by ELISA. Results: ①RAW264.7 cells were co-cultured with H.pylori SS1 at different bacteria/cell ratio (MOI) at 3h, 6h, 12h, 24h and 48h were detected by MTT assay, respectively. At 12h, the mRNA expressions of Tim-3\TLR4\MyD88 were measured by RT-PCR; ②Tim-3-overexpressing RAW264.7 cells were constructed by transfer pLVX-IRES-ZsGreen-Tim-3 and co-cultured with H.pylori. The mRNA and protein expressions of Tim-3\TLR4\MyD88 were determined by RT-PCR and Western Blot. The concentrations of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-10) in supernatants were measured by ELISA. Conclusion: Over-expression of Tim-3 reduces H. pylori-induced inflammation through down-regulating TLR4 pathways expressions and pro-inflammatory cytokines release from RAW264.7 infected with H. pylori. Key Word(s): 1. Helicobacter pylori; 2. RAW264.7; 3. Tim-3; 4.