Figure 6 shows that the expression

of E5 oncogene had no effect on tyrosinase mRNA levels both in M14 and FRM cells and confirmed that in these cell lines the amelanotic phenotype is associated with a fair transcription of tyrosinase mRNA [27]. Moreover, WB analysis showed that tyrosinase protein levels were not modulated in E5 expressing cells in comparison with controls. These results, while confirming the poor connection between pigmentation genes expression and the pigmentary status of melanomas, Bcl-2 inhibitor indicate that the amelanotic phenotype of FRM and M14 cells is indeed related to post-translational regulatory process in melanocytes that express normal amounts of tyrosinase protein. Figure 6 Expression

of HPV-16 E5 oncogene does not affect tyrosinase mRNA transcription and protein expression levels. Tyrosinase mRNA levels were evaluated by RT-PCR in FRM and M14 melanoma control cells (CTR), in cells treated with 20 nM Con-A (+ ConA) and in cell expressing the HPV-16 E5 (+ E5). Panel a) – Total mRNA (1 μg) was reverse transcribed and amplified with HuTyr-1/HuTyr-2. Four independent experiments gave similar results. All the samples showed similar levels of tyrosinase mRNA. Western Epigenetics inhibitor blot analysis Sirolimus cost (panel b) and densitometric quantisation (panel c) of the learn more chemo-luminescent signals of tyrosinase protein levels. No protein modulation was observed under any experimental condition. Results represent the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of four independent experiments. (A.U. = Arbitrary Unit). The tyrosinase reactivation could be exploited as a target for the

development of selective chemotherapeutic agents Subsequently we wondered whether the above reported endosomal alkalinisation and the reactivation of tyrosinase was associated with modifications in cell phenotype eventually resulting in an altered susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents. Based on the notion that 3,4-DHBA, a dopamine mimetic pro-drug, is a substrate for tyrosinase with consequent production of toxic intermediates [40] we evaluated its cytotoxic effect in E5 expressing cells. Fig. 7 shows that a 30 μM concentration induced a much stronger impairment of cell viability on E5 expressing melanomas than on the control cells. The same figure shows also that BSO, a well-known inhibitor of glutathione synthesis whose cytotoxic effects are correlated with the level of tyrosinase activity [40], determined a drastic reduction of cell viability in E5 expressing cells, while control cells were scarcely affected.

At present, the routes for synthesis selleck products of CZTS nanocrystalline

materials can be subsumed under two broad categories: the hot-injection method [12, 21–23] and the LEE011 nmr solvothermal process [13, 18, 24–26]. Although the hot-injection method can be used to synthesize CZTS nanocrystals with narrow size distribution, this method suffers from several shortcomings such as the need of expensive raw materials with high levels of toxicity, complicated processes, and high reaction temperatures (above 250°C). In contrast with the hot-injection method, the solvothermal process, which usually produces hierarchical CZTS particles by one-pot reaction, possesses the advantages of simple process and relative cheap raw materials. Furthermore, it has been found that hierarchical particles can provide a large surface area along with the functions of generating light scattering and favoring electron transport, as compared with nanocrystals [13]. Up to now, anhydrous ethylenediamine [24, 26], the mixture of ethylenediamine and water [27–29], ethylene glycol [13, 18], triethylene glycol [18], and dimethyl formamide (DMF) [30] have been used as a solvent for the solvothermal method, respectively. In contrast with those organic solvents, water is much cheaper and more environment-friendly. Undoubtedly, if water is used to replace AZD1080 price these organic solvents, a hydrothermal route will be developed, which

is more desirable for the environment-friendly and low-cost synthesis of CZTS nanocrystalline materials. However, few investigations on synthesis of CZTS nanocrystalline of materials by the hydrothermal method have been reported, except the hydrothermal reactions with Na2S [31] or thiourea [32] as the sulfur source. Note that selecting a suitable sulfur source is important for exploring a green hydrothermal process for preparing CZTS nanocrystalline materials. It has been reported that H2S is usually generated as a toxic and corrosive

intermediate product from the reaction systems containing sulfur, Na2S, or thiourea as the sulfur source [33]. Different from those sulfur sources, l-cysteine has been used to prepare metal sulfide nanomaterials without the generation of H2S as a by-product [30]. Thus, in the current work, by the aid of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a complexing agent, a low-cost and nontoxic hydrothermal route for synthesis of CZTS has been developed by using water as the solvent and l-cysteine as the sulfur source. The effects of the amount of EDTA, the mole ratio of the three metal ions, and the hydrothermal temperature and time on the phase composition of the obtained samples have been systematically investigated. The phase composition of the obtained CZTS sample has been further confirmed by Raman spectrometry. The microstructure and morphology of the pure CZTS sample have been characterized, and its optical absorption property has been examined.

Using these sample files containing TRF lengths (peak values) in base pairs, this program enabled us to assign a species name to each TRF by comparing each TRF of a T-RFLP fingerprint separately with the library. TRFs with a peak height of less than 10% of the highest peak were excluded from the

analysis, since such peaks rarely corresponded with any of the species shown to be present by cloning [41]. Statistical analysis To compare rates of occurrence of events, ordinary risk ratios with 95% confidence Nec-1s datasheet intervals were calculated, except for paired data, in case of which we calculated McNemar odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance was accepted at the two-tailed α = 0.05 significance level. All analyses were performed

with the statistical software package SPSS version 15.0 (SPSS, Chicago, Illinois). Acknowledgements This study was funded by the Marguerite-Marie Delacroix Foundation, the Special Research check details Fund (BOF) of the Ghent University, and the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (Belgium). The Marguerite-Marie Delacroix Foundation, the Special Research Fund (BOF) of the Ghent University, and the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (Belgium) were not involved in the development of the study design, the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data, in the writing Astemizole of the report nor in the decision to submit the paper for publication. References 1. Sobel JD: Bacterial vaginosis. Annu Rev Med 2000, 51:349–56.CrossRefPubMed 2. Schwebke JR: Gynecologic consequences of bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2003, 30:685–94.CrossRefPubMed 3. Boris S, Barbés C: Role played by lactobacilli in controlling the population of vaginal pathogens. Microbes

Infect 2000, 2:543–6.CrossRefPubMed 4. Sobel JD, Funaro D, Kaplan EL: Recurrent group A streptococcal vulvovaginitis in adult women: family epidemiology. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 44:e43–5.CrossRefPubMed 5. Sobel JD: Desquamative inflammatory vaginitis: a new subgroup of purulent vaginitis responsive to topical 2% clindamycin therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994, 171:1215–20.PubMed 6. Donders GG, Vereecken A, Bosmans E, Dekeersmaecker A, Salembier G, Spitz B: Sotrastaurin purchase definition of a type of abnormal vaginal flora that is distinct from bacterial vaginosis: aerobic vaginitis. BJOG 2002, 109:34–43.CrossRefPubMed 7. Verhelst R, Verstraelen H, Claeys G, Verschraegen G, Van Simaey L, De Ganck C, De Backer E, Temmerman M, Vaneechoutte M: Comparison between Gram stain and culture for the characterization of vaginal microflora: definition of a distinct grade that resembles grade I microflora and revised categorization of grade I microflora. BMC Microbiol 2005, 5:61.CrossRefPubMed 8.

observed [28], the pores grow toward the substrate and the current remains constant, which is similar to the pore growth stage in Al foils since there is no change in electrode surface area. And then comes the next stage (30 to 40 s), as

anodization is about to be completed, the current falls off rapidly. This drop is due to the increase in sheet resistance owing to the diminishing amount of aluminum remaining in the film. The remaining aluminum is oxidized, leaving behind a barrier layer. And Repotrectinib mw finally, in the last stage (after 40 s), the current density increases slowly and slightly and then is kept to a fixed value. However, the fixed value is lower than the current density of bare ITO, indicating that AAO is stuck to the ITO substrate. YM155 The tiny increase in this stage may be due to the upturned and broken barrier layer, as shown in Figure 2c,d, in which the holes open up a little and the exposed area of the ITO substrate to the

electrolyte is increased. Chemical dissolution and field-assisted dissolution of the barrier layer can also happen during this stage; however, the process is too slow to be observed. Figure 1 Current-time curves of high-field anodization of bare ITO glass and sputtered aluminum. Bare ITO glass (120 s) and sputtered aluminum for different times (30, 40, 60, 90, and 150 s). Figure 2 Schematic diagram illustrating the pore formation mechanism in anodic alumina. (a) Original aluminum sputtered on ITO glass; (b) the pore progress through the aluminum film and their tending towards an ordered hexagonal Saracatinib price arrangement; (c) barrier layer reaching the substrate, (d) fully formed AAO film with barrier layer; and (e) the disappearance of the barrier layer. Figure 3 shows SEM images of the cross-sectional morphology of the AAO films formed from the anodization of aluminum

samples at 195 V for different times. Barrier layers could be observed clearly in each Fossariinae image. Figure 3a,b,c has anodizing times of 30, 90, and 150 s, separately, and from these three images, we can see that the barrier layer became thinner with the increase of anodization time. This may be generated by the chemical dissolution and field-assisted dissolution of the barrier layer. The same phenomenon has been observed in the AAO walls. Figure 3d shows the anodization of the specimen sputtered in two steps and the ‘Y’ branches are obtained in the middle of the AAO walls. It can be seen clearly that the pores from the underlayer are denser than that of the upper layer. It is obvious that this phenomenon is quite different from the above three specimens whose aluminum were sputtered only in one step and shows that the ‘Y’ branches could only be developed from specimens sputtered in more than one step under high current density. Moreover, as observed by Chu et al. [23], the samples sputtered in multi-cycles and anodized under 130 V have transverse holes, which is also quite different from what we have observed in our study.

When soluble extracts were examined by gel permeation combined with fluorescence and Western blot analysis, soluble PdhS-mCherry proteins were identified as a single peak, with a predicted molecular weight between 669 kDa and 20,000 kDa, the upper limit of the fractionation range (Additional file 2, Figure S2). This suggests that the

fusion is able to form multimers with a defined number of monomers, further implying that PdhS-mCherry is folded. Using yeast two-hybrid GDC-0449 ic50 assays, it was recently shown that B. abortus PdhS was able to interact with FumC through its amino-terminal domain [18], and with DivK through its carboxy-terminal domain [17]. Interestingly, FumC from Caulobacter Regorafenib datasheet crescentus did not interact with B. abortus PdhS [18]. When B. abortus FumC-YFP and DivK-YFP fusions were produced with PdhS-mCherry, colocalization of YFP and mCherry fluorescence signals was observed in mid stationary phase E. coli cells (Fig. 6A, C). Interestingly, both fluorescence signals were overlapping, further suggesting that the shift in fluorescence

signals observed between PdhS-mCherry and IbpA-YFP (Fig. 4) was not an artefact. As a control, we checked that C. crescentus FumC did not colocalize with PdhS-mCherry (Fig. 6B). The ability of PdhS-mCherry to recruit B. abortus DivK-YFP and FumC-YFP but not C. crescentus FumC-YFP suggests that the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of PdhS were at least partially folded. Figure 6 PdhS-mCherry fusion is still able to recruit known partners. PdhS-mCherry localization with (A) B. abortus FumC-YFP, (B) Caulobacter crescentus FumC-YFP, and (C) B. abortus DivK-YFP. Bacteria were cultivated until middle stationary culture phase. Scale bar: 2 μm. All micrographic images were taken with the same magnification. Discussion We report that, when overproduced in E. coli, B. abortus PdhS fused to mCherry

is able to form intermediate aggregates of soluble proteins resembling previously reported “”non-classical”" IB [3, 15], before forming “”classical”" IB. These intermediate aggregates pentoxifylline are very different from “”classical”" IB because they are soluble, are quickly removed when bacteria are placed in rich medium (Fig. 2A), do not systematically colocalize with IbpA-YFP (Fig. 3B) and are still able to recruit known PdhS partners (Fig. 6). The observation of “”intermediate”" aggregates of soluble proteins does not fit with a simple model of IB formation in which unfolded proteins precipitate to form IB immediately after translation. Our observations thus selleck compound suggest that some proteins could form aggregates of folded and soluble polypeptides before their precipitation into “”classical”" IB.

The effective diversity of order zero (q = 0) is equivalent to species richness (the total number of entities), Forskolin in vivo order 1 is proportional to the Shannon index, and q = ∞ is a measure of pure evenness [17]. Diversity profiles significantly improve

these previous calculations of effective diversity by adding community similarity information into diversity calculations, using a similarity matrix, Z. The term “similarity” is used by Leinster & Cobbold to refer to the degree of distance or difference between organisms. The similarity matrix can accommodate genetic similarity, phenotypic similarity, or any other biologically meaningful source of similarity between two or more entities. Incorporating this information into similarity-sensitive calculations of community diversity can greatly Enzalutamide datasheet alter conclusions regarding diversity levels [17]. For example, when taking into account similarity between taxa, a bird community comprised of one hawk, one hummingbird, and one goose would be more diverse than a community of three distinct hummingbird species. However, if similarity between taxa were not taken into account, these communities would be classified as equally diverse. For microbial communities, which

are often characterized by phylogenetic molecular markers, the use of a metric based on the average evolutionary relatedness of a community conveys more information on the uniqueness and potential function of that community than does a discrete, OTU-based approach [21]. Recent work by Chao and colleagues [18], which expands on research by Faith [22], develops a measure of effective phylogenetic diversity. Effective phylogenetic diversity scales traditional diversity metrics by the hypothesized shared evolutionary history between taxa. Calculating phylogenetic diversity requires scaling raw taxonomic diversity by the shared evolutionary branches in a phylogeny. These branches can be either time-calibrated (ultrametric) or non-ultrametric. Even if a phylogeny is unavailable, the inclusion

Progesterone of cladistic data can be meaningful, if they accurately model shared ancestry within the study community. If the Pictilisib relative abundances of taxa or sequences are known, branches can also be weighted by abundance to compare the phylogenetic evenness among samples [23]. Given the differences between microbial and macro-organismal community data, the primary objective of this study was to evaluate the use of diversity profiles when analyzing microbial assemblages to determine whether the inclusion of similarity data (in our case, phylogenetic data) changes our interpretation of experimental and observational data. First, to explore whether diversity profiles alter our interpretation of microbial diversity data, we calculated diversity profiles for four datasets from different environments containing all domains of life and viruses.

Some parametric CFTRinh-172 molecular weight models have a level parameter and a shape parameter, which is allowed to depend on covariates and to vary between groups. The Cox model

may include time-dependent covariates. However, the change in covariate value does not affect the shape of the hazard but shifts the hazard to a different level. Also Cox models consume more degrees of freedom than models with parametric duration dependence. One degree of freedom is calculated for every category used in the analysis. For example, when 10 age categories are defined, 10 degrees of freedom are used, one for every baseline hazard. Parametric models only use a limited number of parameters and a corresponding lower number of degrees of freedom. Therefore parametric models are more parsimonious and have more power as compared to Cox models. The aim of this study was to investigate the time to onset of long-term sickness 3-MA absence and return to work after long-term sickness absence by means of parametric hazard rate models, in order to identify which model fitted the data best. Instead of modelling total sickness absence (e.g. Joling et al. 2006), we choose to focus on long-term

(i.e. more than six consecutive BIBW2992 weeks) sickness absence because it has been reported that short term sickness absence is a different construct affected by different factors (Allebeck and Mastekaasa 2004). Methods Study design and population The study population consisted of 53,830 employees of three large and nationally spread Dutch companies in the postal and telecommunications sector. Functions in these companies included sorting and delivery of mail, (parcel) transportation, call center and post office tasks, telecommunication (e.g. mechanics, sales, IT), back-office work, and executive functions. The study Anacetrapib design is described elsewhere (Koopmans et al. 2008). Employees aged 55 years or older in the base year were excluded because of possible bias due to senior regulations

or early retirement. The study population consisted of 37,955 men (mean age 41 years, SD = 8) and 15,875 women (mean age 39 years, SD = 8). Sickness absence data were retrieved from the occupational health department registry. Long-term sickness absence was defined as absence due to sickness for more than six consecutive weeks. Sickness absence episodes between 1998 and 2001 were recorded. Overlapping and duplicated absence episodes were corrected for. We investigated the time to onset of the first long-term sickness absence and the duration of all long-term sickness absence episodes. In case an employee had not suffered a long-term absence before 31 December 2001 or before the end of the employment period, the period was right censored. For the return to work models, data of employees (N = 16,433) who had at least one long-term absence episode between 1998 and 2001 were used.

This array includes tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligands and their receptors, members of the bcl-2 gene family, caspases and some other important apoptosis-related genes. Briefly, total RNA was extracted from cell samples using an Array Grade Total RNA isolation kit (SuperArray, Frederick, MD) and quantitated by UV spectroscopy using a biophotometer. The integrity and quality of isolated RNA was determined by running the RNAs on agarose gel electrophoresis. QNZ manufacturer cDNA was labeled from total RNA with Biotin 16-dUTP and the GEArray® TM Amp Labeling-LPR Kit (SuperArray,

Frederick, MD) according to manufacturer’s instructions. The biotin-labeled cDNA was than added to the membrane and hybridized overnight to Human Apoptosis OligoGEArray® as stated

by the manufacturer. Signal detection was achieved by exposure to CDP-Star alkaline Idasanutlin molecular weight phosphatase chemiluminescent substrate (SuperArray, Frederick, MD). An image was processed using Kodak® Gel Logic 1500 Imaging System and analyzed with the GEArray Analyzer Software. Experiments were repeated thrice using RNA extracted from three different cultures. Real time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) assay To validate our oligoarray results, quantitative real-time PCR was performed on four selected SAHA mw genes that were maximally effected by the combination treatment: lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTBR), myeloid cell leukemia-1 (MCL-1), tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1A (TNFRSF1A), TNFRSF1A-associated death domain protein Montelukast Sodium (TRADD). Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as a positive control by using Real-Time™ qPCR Primer Assay (SABioscience, Frederick, MD) on Light Cycler 480 instrument (Roche Applied Science, Mannheim, Germany). Total RNA of 4 μg was extracted from cell samples using an

Array Grade Total RNA isolation kit (SuperArray, Frederick, MD) and quantitated by UV spectroscopy using a biophotometer. The integrity and quality of isolated RNA was determined by running the RNAs on agarose gel electrophoresis. PCR reaction mix was prepared 25 μl final volume containing 12,5 μl RT2 SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix, 10,5 μl DNAase-RNaseFree water, 1,0 μl gene-specific 10 μM PCR primer pair stock and finally 1,0 μl diluted cDNA samples for each primer (SABioscience). Universal cycling conditions (10 min at 95°C, 15 s at 95°C, 1 min 60°C for 40 cycles) were carried out. The melting protocol consisted of 95°C for 1 minutes and a continuous fluorescense reading from 65°C to 95°C at 30 acquisitions per degree and 1°C rising per second. Data normalization and analysis an endogenous control, GAPDH present on the PCR was used for normalization. Each replicate cycle threshold (CT) was normalized to the average CT of endogenous control on a sample basis. The comparative CT method was used to calculate the relative quantification of gene expression.

As shown in Fig. 2A, CXCR7 mRNA PKC412 Expression was clearly detected in six HCC cell lines, with different amounts of CXCR7 transcripts; in particular, the expression of CXCR7 was the highest in MHCC97H and HCCLM6 cells. In addition, most of the HCC cell lines expressed both of the CXCR7 and CXCR4 (Fig. 2A). Expression of CXCR7 mRNA was also tested in HUVECs. We observed low levels of CXCR7 mRNA expression in HUVECs (Fig. 2A). Figure 2 Expression of CXCR4 and CXCR7 in HCC cell lines and HUVECs. A. RT-PCR was performed on various cell lines to determine CXCR7 and CXCR4 mRNA expression. GAPDH was used as

a control. B. Western blot analysis was performed to detect CXCR7 and CXCR4 protein expression. β-actin was used as a control to ARRY-162 molecular weight ensure equal loading. Data shown is representative of three independent experiments. C. The intensity of protein bands was

quantified and was shown as relative expression level after normalized by β-actin (n = 3, means ± SD). To determine CXCR7 protein expression, Western blot analysis was conducted Evofosfamide ic50 on protein samples derived from HUVECs and a panel of HCC cell lines. The results of Western blot analysis are similar with RT-PCR analysis. As shown in Fig. 2B and 2C, all HCC cell lines expressed CXCR7. All low aggressive cell lines (HepG2, Hep3B, SMMC-7721 and MHCC97L) had lower levels of CXCR7. In HUVECs, CXCR7 was almost undetectable. Of interest, the high aggressive cell lines (MHCC97H and HCCLM6 cells)exhibited higher levels of CXCR7 protein than did the low aggressive cell lines. These results imply the potential involvement of CXCR7 in invasion of cancer cells. The vector stably expressing CXCR7shRNA causes effective

and specific down-regulation of CXCR7 expression In order to study the potential role of CXCR7 in HCC cell lines, we Methocarbamol used pGPU6/Neo-shCXCR7 directed at nucleotides 223 to 243 of CXCR7 to selectively reduce CXCR7 expression in the SMMC-7721cells. CXCR7shRNA and scrambled shRNA were used to transfect SMMC-7721 cells. After G418 selection, the knockdown efficiencies were subsequently tested using RT-PCR and Western blot. As shown in Fig. 3A, CXCR7 mRNA levels were reduced by 85.0% in CXCR7 shRNA transfected cells, compared with the control cells. Similar to RT-PCR results, the expression level of CXCR7 protein were reduced by 80.0% in CXCR7 shRNA transfected cells (Fig. 3B). The scrambled sequence shRNA had no effect on CXCR7 expression (Fig. 3B). These results demonstrated that the expression of CXCR7 was specifically silenced in SMMC-7721 cells. Figure 3 Downregulation of CXCR7 expression in SMMC-7721 cells by transfection with CXCR7shRNA. SMMC-7721 cells were stably transfected with CXCR7shRNA. CXCR7 expression was strongly suppressed by specific CXCR7shRNA. A.

nitrofigilis and A. thereius were recognized [23]. This is because contradictory results were seen when using two identification methods in parallel [14, 18]. When using the Houf method [14], A. nitrofigilis produced the expected amplicon for A. skirrowii and A. thereius the amplicon expected for A. cryaerophilus. However, when using the method of Figueras et al. [18] the expected 16S rRNA-RFLP pattern of A. nitrofigilis and A. butzleri was obtained for the A. nitrofigilis and A. thereius strains, respectively. The correct identity of these strains was confirmed as

A. nitrofigilis and A. thereius through sequencing of the 16S rRNA and/or rpoB genes [23]. This sequencing approach resolved the discrepancies SGC-CBP30 observed between the two identification methods [14, 18] and has also led to the discovery of the species A. mytili, A. molluscorum, A. defluvii, A. ellisii,

Arcobacter bivalviorum, A. venerupis, A. cloacae, and A. suis[5–7, 24–26]. The use of the m-PCR method of Douidah et al.[9] in combination with the PCR method of De Smet et al.[17] enabled A. thereius (17.6%, 100/567), A. trophiarum (1.8%, 10/567), and A. cibarius (0.2%, 1/567) to be recognized in two independent studies [27, 28] (Additional file 1: Table S3). Nevertheless, there is a weakness in this approach as the strains of four non-targeted species may be misidentified as the more frequently isolated A. butzleri (Tables 1 and 2). Finally, with regard to studies that used the methodology designed by Kabeya et al. [15], our results revealed that all of the targeted species may have been overestimated; this is because 12 of the 14 non-targeted species https://www.selleckchem.com/products/torin-1.html could be misidentified (Tables 1 and 2). No studies were found that used the PCR method of Pentimalli et al. [16], and our results indicate that this method is not reliable (Tables 1 and 2). Conclusion In this Thiamet G study, the performance of five different PCR methods used to identify all known Arcobacter spp. has been compared for the first time. None of the compared methods were completely reliable, and they displayed different misidentification rates

for both targeted and non-targeted species; many of which have been described after the publication of the method. The current study has highlighted the limitations of the compared methods. We consider the way forward to be the use of the more reliable methods in parallel for verification of identity of the isolates. Our results suggest that the currently known diversity of Arcobacter spp. in different environments will change in the future as reliable identification methods, such as the updated 16S rRNA-RFLP method [19], are applied. Acknowledgments The authors thank Dr. Maqsudul Alam (University of Hawaii, Manoa, HI,), Dr. Kurt Houf (Ghent University, Selleck CYC202 Belgium), and Dr. Nalini Chinivasagam (Animal Research Institute, Queensland, Australia) for kindly providing Arcobacter strains.