Thus, dopamine/D4R Z-VAD-FMK datasheet signaling is a novel zeitgeber that entrains the rhythm of Adcy1 expression and, consequently, modulates the rhythmic synthesis of cyclic AMP in mouse retina. “
“It is well documented that neurofibrillary tangles composed of aggregated tau protein propagate in a predictable pattern in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The mechanisms underlying the propagation of tau pathology are still poorly understood. Recent studies have provided solid data demonstrating that in several neurodegenerative diseases including AD, the spreading of misfolded protein aggregates in the brain would result from prion-like

cell-to-cell transmission. Consistent with this new concept, recent studies have reported that human tau can be released in the extracellular space by an active process of secretion, and can be endocytosed both in vitro and in vivo. Most importantly, it was reported that the spreading of tau pathology was observed along synaptically connected circuits GPCR Compound Library price in a transgenic mouse model where human tau overexpression was restricted in the entorhinal cortex. This indicates that secretion of tau by presynaptic neurons and its uptake by postsynaptic neurons

could be the sequential events leading to the propagation of tau pathology in the brain. “
“Within the hippocampus and neocortex, GABA is considered to be excitatory in early development due to a relatively depolarized Cl− reversal potential (ECl). Although the depolarizing nature of synaptic GABAergic events has been well established, it is unknown whether cortical tonic currents mediated by extrasynaptically located GABAA receptors (GABAARs) are also excitatory. Here we examined the development of tonic currents in the neocortex and their effect on neuronal excitability. Mean tonic current, recorded from layer 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase 5 (L5) pyramidal cells of the mouse somatosensory cortex, is robust in

newborns [postnatal day (P)2–4] then decreases dramatically by the second postnatal week (P7–10 and P30–40). Pharmacological studies, in combination with Western blot analysis, show that neonatal tonic currents are partially mediated by the GABAAR α5 subunit, and probably the δ subunit. In newborns, the charge due to tonic current accounts for nearly 100% of the total GABA charge, a contribution that decreases to < 50% in mature tissue. Current clamp recordings show that tonic current contributes to large fluctuations in the membrane potential that may disrupt its stability. Bath application of 5 μM GABA, to induce tonic currents, markedly decreased cell firing frequency in most recorded cells while increasing it in others. Gramicidin perforated patch recordings show heterogeneity in ECl recorded from P2–5 L5 pyramidal cells.

001). Significant differences were detected between the mean values reported by GPs and pharmacists (p = 0.012) and GPs and paediatric consultants (p = 0.006). The age at which GPs first use tablets was higher than that reported by pharmacists and paediatric consultants. The age at which tablets were considered to be appropriate for

use in children was lower amongst the specialist healthcare this website professionals (paediatric: consultants, pharmacists and nurses) compared to GPs. There is an educational need for GPs to understand the cost and practical implications associated with liquid formulations where tablets may be an acceptable and readily available alternative. Communication between specialist paediatric healthcare professionals and those in primary care settings needs to be optimised regarding the use of tablet formulations in younger children. Further research regarding acceptability of tablets versus age is required; including collection of data from young people and their parents. Potential benefits of this include improved acceptability and convenience for parents/carers/patients and also

a reduction in expenditure on paediatric medicines and drug wastage. Christopher Acomb1, Una Laverty1, Heather Smith1, Gill Fox1, Duncan Petty2 1Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK, 2University of Leeds, Leeds, UK The Integrated Medicines oPtimisAtion on Care Transfer (IMPACT) project aimed to: ∘  improve pharmaceutical care on discharge Older people are at increased risk of medicines-related problems including medicines-related admissions to hospital. One www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk1120212-jtp-74057.html study showed that medicines-related admissions account for 6.5%1 of admissions to hospital but this could be as high as 30% in older people2. The IMPACT project was

set up as a service development project to look at the feasibility also of providing medicines optimisation on discharge for acutely admitted older patients assessed as needing post discharge support. Patients admitted to the older people admission wards at Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust (LTHT) were assessed by clinical pharmacists and pharmacy technicians to determine if they had a medicines related need post-discharge. Where a need was identified, an MCP was added to the patient’s discharge communication. Patients were signposted to healthcare professionals in primary care for follow-up action where appropriate. These included community pharmacists, practice pharmacists, GPs, district nurses, practice nurses and community matrons. Examples of signposting included referrals to community pharmacists for the new medicine service and post-discharge medicine use reviews, to practice pharmacists for clinical medication reviews and to practice nurses for review of inhaler technique. Where there was no obvious person in primary care to refer to, they were followed up by hospital based pharmacy technicians either by telephone or a domiciliary visit.

, 2007a). Candida parapsilosis is the second most common yeast isolated

from bloodstream infections around the world. Molecule studies have provided evidence of three distinct species within the C. parapsilosis complex, namely C. parapsilosis, Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis (Orsi et al., 2010). Little is known about its pathogenesis, virulence factors and ability to survive in diverse hostile environments. Consequently, it is extremely important to understand the means that enable this opportunistic pathogen to survive (Haynes, 2001). Extracellular nucleotides have been recognized for over a decade as some of the most ubiquitous intercellular GDC-0449 order signaling mechanisms (Robson et al., 2006). Moreover, these molecules have been shown to be related to the development of several pathologies, including disorders of the immune system (Haskó & Cronstein, 2004; Schetinger et al., 2007; Bhardwaj & Skelly, 2009). High extracellular concentrations of ATP may occur in response to tissue or cell damage (Bours et al., 2006; Idzko et al., 2007). Numerous works explain that the high ATP concentration is due to a proinflammatory response, which involves activation and transmigration of monocytes and leukocytes to inflamed sites (Bours et al., 2006; Di Virgilio, GPCR Compound Library in vitro 2007; Schetinger et al., 2007). The signaling

mechanism generated by ATP can be reverted through the action of a set of enzymes, known Selleckchem Ribociclib as ectoenzymes, which are involved in the control of extracellular nucleotide and nucleoside levels. Because the active sites of ectoenzymes face the external medium rather than the cytoplasm, the activities of these enzymes can be measured using living cells (Zimmermann, 1996; Meyer-Fernandes, 2002; Sissons et al., 2004; Bours et al., 2006; Matin & Khan, 2008; Amazonas et al., 2009;

Cosentino-Gomes et al., 2009; Fonseca-de-Souza et al., 2009). The extracellular hydrolysis of ATP can be initiated by NTPDases (ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases) and terminated by ecto-5′-nucleotidases (CD73; E.C. 3.1.3.5), resulting in its respective nucleoside adenosine (Zimmermann, 1996, 2000; Meyer-Fernandes, 2002; Robson et al., 2006). Ecto-5′-nucleotidase is the major enzyme responsible for the formation of extracellular adenosine from released adenine nucleotides (Zimmermann, 2000). Adenosine, in contrast to ATP, is described as a chemotactic inhibitor of macrophage response and monocyte response, suppressing proinflammatory cytokines by activating P1 receptors in the host cells, thus interfering with the establishment of an immune response. (Haskó & Cronstein, 2004; Bours et al., 2006; de Almeida Marques-da-Silva et al., 2008; Kumar & Sharma, 2009).

5 Valera A, Balague O, Colomo L et al. IG/MYC rearrangements are the main cytogenetic AZD9291 manufacturer alteration in plasmablastic lymphomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2010; 34: 1686–1694. 6 Castillo JJ, Winer ES, Stachurski D et al. Clinical and pathological differences between human immunodeficiency virus-positive and human

immunodeficiency virus-negative patients with plasmablastic lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 51: 2047–2053. 7 Castillo JJ, Winer ES, Stachurski D et al. Prognostic factors in chemotherapy-treated patients with HIV-associated Plasmablastic lymphoma. Oncologist 2010; 15: 293–299. 8 Bose P, Thompson C, Gandhi D et al. AIDS-related plasmablastic lymphoma with dramatic, early response to bortezomib. Eur J Haematol 2009; 82: 490–492. 9 Bibas M, Grisetti S, Alba L et al. Patient with HIV-associated plasmablastic lymphoma responding Ceritinib to bortezomib alone and in combination with dexamethasone, gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, cytarabine, and pegfilgrastim chemotherapy and lenalidomide

alone. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: e704–708. In the UK, cervical cancer is the most common cancer in women aged below 35, and the 11th most common in women overall. Worldwide, however, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women. In 2009, there were 2747 new diagnoses of cervical cancer in the UK, and in 2008, there were 759 recorded deaths from this disease; around 7% of deaths were in women below the age of 35 [1]. Death rates

from cervical cancer in the UK fell markedly by around 70% between 1979 and 2008; much of this reduction is attributable to cervical screening. Almost all cases of invasive cancer are associated with infection with oncogenic types of human papilloma virus (HPV), particularly HPV 16 and 18 [2]. Invasive cancer is preceded by cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), which can be detected by cervical screening; around 75% of cases of cancer are potentially preventable by screening [1]. Cervical cancer is around twice as common in women who smoke [1]. Women who smoke should be encouraged to stop smoking; effective interventions include simple opportunistic advice, individual behavioural counselling or group behaviour therapy, telephone counselling, provision of self-help materials and pharmacotherapy with nicotine Niclosamide replacement, varenicline and bupropion [3]. The incidence of some HIV-associated cancers, including Kaposi sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, has fallen markedly in populations who have been treated with antiretroviral therapy. In contrast, the incidence of cervical cancer has not changed significantly. There are a number of possible explanations for this observation. Firstly, the differences in rates of decline of these cancers may reflect fundamental differences in their biology and association with different viral infections (HHV8, EBV and HPV).

, 2008). The remaining substrates arabinose and maltose caused the this website efficient phosphorylation of Crh~P (80%) but no comparable accumulation of HPr(Ser)~P (21% and 13% of total HPr, respectively; Singh et al., 2008). Therefore, CCR caused by these substrates is weak. How can this discrepancy be explained? When arabinose or maltose is utilized, more than 60% of all HPr molecules are

phosphorylated either at His15 or at both sites (Singh et al., 2008). Neither of these forms, HPr(His)~P or doubly phosphorylated HPr, is active in CCR because phosphorylation at His15 impedes complex formation with CcpA (Schumacher et al., 2004). It would appear that the phosphorylation at His15 provides an additional level of control that allows integration of information about the phosphorylation status of the PTS into the global mechanism of CCR. Evidence is accumulating that Crh has no dedicated role in CCR. However, it appears to regulate glycolytic flux through interaction with two metabolic enzymes, methylglyoxal synthase (MgsA) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GapA). Non-phosphorylated Crh inhibits MgsA (Landmann et al., 2011), whereas phosphorylated Crh~P, in concert with HPr(Ser)~P, inhibits GapA activity (Pompeo et al., 2007). Non-phosphorylated Crh accumulates when bacteria grow on less favorable (gluconeogenic) click here carbon sources or

when carbohydrates become exhausted and cells enter the stationary growth phase (Figs 2-4). Consequently, MgsA activity and concomitantly flux through the methylglyoxal pathway is expected to be inhibited by Crh under these famine conditions. Under feast conditions, Crh is predominantly phosphorylated.

Thus MgsA gains activity, whereas GapA is repressed, leading to re-direction of flux from the EMP pathway towards the methylglyoxal pathway. This mechanism may prevent accumulation of sugar-phosphates when there is an excess of sugars and uptake rates exceed the capacity of EMP pathway. We thank Sabine Lentes for excellent technical assistance. We are grateful to Gerald Seidel for providing information on the Crh antiserum and for insightful discussion. This work Glutamate dehydrogenase was supported by the Federal Ministry of Education (Research SYSMO network) to J.S. and W.H., and by grant GO1355/7-1 of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to B.G. J.J.L. was supported by a stipend of the Fonds der Chemische Industrie. Wolfgang Hillen passed away on 17 October 2010. “
“Thermophilic bacteria have recently attracted great attention because of their potential application in improving different biochemical processes such as anaerobic digestion of various substrates, wastewater treatment or hydrogen production. In this study we report on the design of a specific 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probe for detecting members of Coprothermobacter genus characterized by a strong protease activity to degrade proteins and peptides.

anisopliae conidial adhesion to D. peruvianus fly wings caused by incubation with recombinant GAPDH and with anti-GAPDH polyclonal antibody. One of the

possible roles of GAPDH in infection could be as an adhesin during the initial contact between the conidia and the host cuticle, as occurs in other pathogenic 5-FU datasheet fungi and their hosts, or adhesion during close contact with tissue or host defense cells (Alderete et al., 2001). Recent studies have demonstrated the involvement of GAPDH proteins from different pathogens in host adhesion and invasion (Barbosa et al., 2006; Terao et al., 2006; Egea et al., 2007; Hoelzle et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2007, 2008a, b; Kinoshita et al., 2008; Lama et al., 2009; Lu et al., 2009). The regulation of transcripts and enzyme production has been shown to be modulated under several physiological conditions during fungal growth. The data presented here comprise the first evidence of a possible involvement of M. anisopliae GAPDH in the infection process and in the

carbon source-regulated transcription response of the M. anisopliae gpdh1 gene. We also detected the GAPDH protein in the conidial cell wall with some possible implications for the host interaction process, possibly with adhesion activity as reported for other pathogens. Future studies investigating the possible roles of GAPDH protein from M. anisopliae in the host infection selleck chemicals llc process will add information to understand this complex process. This work was supported by grants and fellowships from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and CAPES. We are very grateful to Dr Irene Schrank and Dr Antonio F.M. Pinto

for critically PIK3C2G reading the manuscript and for their valuable comments. We are grateful for the PIGS-DNA-sequencing and the UNIPROT-MS facilities. Appendix S1. Heterologous expression of GAPDH. Appendix S2. Standard DNA manipulations, screening of cDNA library, gene cloning and sequencing. Fig. S1. Sequence and schematic diagram of the gpdh1 gene from Metarhizium anisopliae. Fig. S2. Phylogenetic tree of gpdh1 proteins. Table S1. Identity and similarity (conservative substitutions) values from sequence alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence from Metarhizium anisopliae GAPDH with orthologs from several related fungi species and Escherichia coli (as outgroup sequence). Table S2. Amino acids sequence of internal peptides from a protein with molecular mass of 36 kDa and pI 7.0, with a high protein score to Metarhizium anisopliae GAPDH (ABK40074, accession number of the correspondent protein in NCBI database) isolated from 2-D gel electrophoresis of M. anisopliae mycelial protein extracts. Please note: Wiley-Blackwell is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

As most, but not all, marine cyanomyoviruses, have been found to contain the gene psbA, coding for the photosynthetic reaction centre protein D1 (Millard et al., 2004; Sullivan et al., 2006), it is possible that the presence of the psbA gene in the cyanophage genomes is associated with light-dependent phage adsorption. NVP-LDE225 in vitro To establish whether this was the case, a set of degenerate PCR primers targeting the psbA gene was designed to amplify a 617-bp region and PCR products of the expected size were obtained from all the cyanophages used in this study (see Appendix S2). Subsequent

sequencing results of the PCR products confirmed that all the cyanophages carried the psbA gene, which indicates that the light-dependent cyanophage adsorption is not related to carriage of the psbA gene in cyanophage genomes. Sequence data have been deposited into the EMBL database with the following accession numbers: S-MM4 (FN773488), S-BP3 (FN773489), S-MM5 (FN773491), S-BM3 (FN773490), S-MM1 (FN773492), S-PWM1 (FN773493), S-PWM3 (FN773494) and S-BnM1 (FN773495). This paper represents the first step in the detailed characterization

of a phage–host system that has not been undertaken previously. This study has revealed a strong light dependence of adsorption of phage S-PM2 to Synechococcus sp. WH7803 cells, and the failure to adsorb in the dark was immediately reversed upon reillumination. The light-dependent adsorption did

not require continued photosynthetic activity by the host cells, or ATP generation, which agrees with the well-established Sitaxentan concept that the phage PLK inhibitor adsorption step does not require energy (Garen & Puck, 1951; Puck et al., 1951). Furthermore, adsorption was not influenced by the circadian rhythm of the host cells, and was not linked to carriage of the psbA gene in the phage genome. In comparison with 88% of marine cyanophage genomes carrying the psbA gene, only 50% contain the psbD gene coding for photosynthetic reaction centre protein D2 (Sullivan et al., 2006). Therefore, the possibility that the presence of the psbD gene is associated with light-dependent phage adsorption remains to be established. It would seem likely that light produces a conformational change in either the phage or the host that allows successful interaction between the phage adhesins or host receptors. The absence of a strong wavelength dependence of adsorption argues against the involvement of a particular chromophore in either the host or the phage. In the case of cyanophage AS-1 light-dependent adsorption was speculatively attributed to light-induced charge neutralization at the cell surface or light-induced changes in the ionic composition at the cell surface (Cseke & Farkas, 1979). There is a precedent for the environmental regulation of phage adsorption by myoviruses.

Satisfaction with themes related to quality-of-care was high with over 90% selecting ‘agree’ or ‘strongly agree’ to these questions. Comparing models of care, there were no statistically significant differences in the rates of those selecting ‘strongly agree’ across questions, apart from a single question related to rapport which favored the Mount Isa face-to-face check details model (P = 0.018). When asked whether they would rather travel to Townsville than participate in a telemedicine consultation, 63% of patients selected ‘disagree’ (17%) or ‘strongly disagree’ (46%). These results suggest that patients are satisfied with a

rheumatology telemedicine service, and may prefer this to extensive travelling. Evaluation in other settings is recommended

before generalizing this finding. “
“To investigate the rheumatic complications of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Arab patients BMS-354825 research buy in relation to the clinical manifestations of IBD using the Montréal classification system in a hospital-based population in Kuwait. A cohort of 130 consecutive patients with IBD, either ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn’s disease (CD) attending gastroenterology and rheumatology clinics of Kuwait University hospital from January to December 2010 were recruited. IBD diagnosis, classification, and the rheumatologic characteristics of patients were assessed and noted on a pro forma. In the 130 IBD patients (mean age 32.6 ± 12.3 years), 45 (34.6%) had UC and 85 (65.4%) had CD. Forty-five (34.6%) IBD patients developed rheumatic manifestations; the difference in proportion was not significant among UC and CD patients (18 [40.0%] vs. 27 [31.7%], P = 0.215). Peripheral arthritis was seen in 41 (31.5%) IBD patients. Axial skeletal involvement presenting as a combination of spondyloarthritis with sacroiliitis was seen in 11 (8.5%) out of 130 IBD patients. Isolated sacroiliitis was seen in four (3.1%) IBD patients. Enthesopathy was seen in seven (5.4%) and dactylitis in two (1.5%) IBD patients. No statistically significant difference ever (P > 0.05) was detected between the frequency of the rheumatic manifestations and the IBD clinical

subtypes. This study delineates the rheumatic complications in relation to clinical manifestations (phenotypes) of IBD using the Montréal classification, in a hospital-based cohort of an Arab population. The rheumatic manifestations of IBD in our study were comparable to previously published data from other parts of the world. “
“Introduction:  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients who have active disease with longer disease duration have been reported to have increased risk of cardiovascular events compared to the normal population. Objective:  The primary aim of our study is to ascertain the prevalence of significant asymptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD) in Asian RA patients who are in remission using multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT).

Furthermore, scl-L4, which encodes serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT), has been identified using both SCOTS and STM (Harper et al., 2003). The glyA gene, encoding SHMT, was shown to be essential in E. coli (Yan et al., 2002). It belongs to the pur regulon, which is required for purine synthesis in E. coli (Steiert et al., 1990). The AL393 mutant of P. multocida, which has a probable effect on glyA function, was attenuated only in chickens in STM (Harper et al., selleck screening library 2003). Clone scs-L15 corresponds to the gene encoding a polynucleotide phosphorylase (Pnp) that

is involved in the degradation of mRNA. In a previous study using STM, a pnp mutant of P. multocida was identified and found to be attenuated in mice (Fuller et al., 2000). Meanwhile, pnp was found to be required for the expression of plasmid-borne virulence genes in Shigella flexneri, using STM (Tobe et al., 1992). The clone scs-L13, homologous to the fhaB1/fhaB2

gene that encodes filamentous hemagglutinin, harbors a potential virulence factor. Using STM in a model of septicemia in the mouse, the fhaB1 and fhaB2 genes from a case of bovine pneumonia were identified, and an fhaB2 knockout mutant was engineered using a temperature-sensitive plasmid in a well-known virulent strain of P. multocida A: 3 (P-1059) (Fuller et al., 2000). The virulence of the ΔfhaB2 mutant was attenuated in Beltsville white turkeys following intranasal administration, and fhaB2 peptides were evaluated in the

natural host (Tatum et al., 2005). The fhaB1 gene was inserted using Omipalisib a kanamicin-resistant gene, and the ΔfhaB1 mutant of P. multocida strain C48-102 was attenuated when administered via intranasal injection (our data). In contrast, some scs-L clones showed homology to the upregulated genes found in other pathogenic bacteria, including those expressed during natural and/or experimental infection or under in vitro growth conditions that mimicked an in vivo environment. Clones scs-L18, scs-L22, and scs-L24 encode cell division protein FtsQ, translation elongation factor EF-Tu (TufA), and ATP-stimulated mitochondrial matrix protein Amine dehydrogenase (Lon protease), respectively. Fittipaldi and colleagues, using SCOTS, identified the ftsQ/divIB gene that is expressed preferentially by S. suis upon interaction with porcine brain microvascular endothelial cells (Fittipaldi et al., 2007). However, FtsQ was downregulated when recovered from the blood of chickens infected with P. multocida (Boyce et al., 2002). FtsQ/divIB is a highly conserved component of the divisome that plays a central role in the assembly of the early and late cell division proteins FtsL and FtsB/DivIC (Robson & King, 2006; Gonzalez et al., 2010). The ftsQ and divIB genes are homologous; ftsQ was essential in E.

Despite an ongoing scientific BIBW2992 supplier discussion and some controversies about the pathophysiological causes of altitude illness, the treatment and prevention recommendations are becoming more consistent with increased experience over the last

two decades. The authors state that they have no conflicts of interest. “
“While the article by Talbot et al. indicates that it was written “on behalf of the Research Committee of the International Society of Travel Medicine”, the study’s final design, results and conclusions remain solely those of the individual authors. The study was a 2005 initiative of that Committee and not commissioned by the ISTM executive leadership, nor should the study’s findings be interpreted as ISTM policy or position. Some members of the Research Committee, although listed in the Appendix, were not invited to review the final manuscript. Charles D. Ericsson * and Robert Steffen “
“Hepatitis E is endemic in (sub)tropical countries while only sporadic cases have been described in industrialized countries. In a prospective study among 1270 short-term Dutch travelers to (sub)tropical countries we found no seroconversion to anti-hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies, indicating a very low risk for travelers to acquire

a hepatitis E infection. Hepatitis E is caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV), which is the most recently discovered of the hepatotropic viruses. The incubation period of hepatitis E is 15–64 days with a mean of 40 selleck products days.1 Clinical features of recent hepatitis E infection range from subclinical to jaundice, anorexia, hepatomegaly, fever, abdominal tenderness and pain, nausea, and vomiting.

Hepatitis E is generally self-limiting. As is the case for hepatitis A there is no chronic phase, although chronic hepatitis E has been described in immunosuppressed patients.2 Mortality is low, although pregnant women have case fatality rates that are much higher, up to 20%.2 To date, no vaccine against hepatitis E is commercially available.2 HEV has one serotype and four genotypes each of which have a specific geographic distribution. Genotypes 1 and 2 are most common in (sub)tropical countries, while genotypes 3 and 4 occur in humans and pigs, in the Western world and in Asia, respectively.3 Disease incidence likewise varies geographically. Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK Hepatitis E is endemic in regions with poor sanitation and transmitted primarily through the fecal-oral route. In these areas, major outbreaks of waterborne hepatitis E are observed. In contrast, in industrialized countries only sporadic acute hepatitis E infections have been observed, which are often travel-associated. The incidence of hepatitis E infection among travelers is thought to be very low. However, sporadic cases have been reported and as far as we know only two prospective studies have been conducted.4,5 We aimed to calculate the incidence of hepatitis E infection in a group of short-term travelers to (sub)tropical countries.