The requested weight distribution for each condition
was verified using force plates. Electromyography data were collected from both tibialis anterior (TA) and the left sternocleidomastoid muscles.
Results: In the TA, startle responses occurred much more frequently during normal standing (26% of trials) compared to both sitting (6% of trials, p < 0.01) and bilateral unloading (3% of trials, p < 0.01). In the asymmetrical stance conditions, startle responses in the TA were more common in the loaded leg (21% of trials) compared to the unloaded leg (10% of trials, p < 0.05).
Discussion: The occurrence of startle responses in the leg selleck products muscles was strongly influenced by load. Hence, it is likely that information from load receptors influences startle
response activity. We suggest that, in a stationary position, startling stimuli result in a descending volley from brain-stem circuits, which is gated at the spinal level by afferent input from load receptors. (C) 2013 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“In the late 19th Century, Sigmund Freud described the phenomenon in which people are unable to recall events from early childhood as infantile amnesia. Although universally observed, Milciclib concentration infantile amnesia is a paradox; adults have surprisingly few memories of early childhood despite the seemingly exuberant learning capacity of young children. How Montelukast Sodium can these findings be reconciled? The mechanisms underlying this form of amnesia are the subject of much debate. Psychological/cognitive theories assert that the ability to maintain detailed, declarative-like memories in the long term correlates with
the development of language, theory of mind, and/or sense of “”self.”" However, the finding that experimental animals also show infantile amnesia suggests that this phenomenon cannot be explained fully in purely human terms. Biological explanations of infantile amnesia suggest that protracted postnatal development of key brain regions important for memory interferes with stable long-term memory storage, yet they do not clearly specify which particular aspects of brain maturation are causally related to infantile amnesia. Here, we propose a hypothesis of infantile amnesia that focuses on one specific aspect of postnatal brain development-the continued addition of new neurons to the hippocampus. Infants (humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents) exhibit high levels of hippocampal neurogenesis and an inability to form lasting memories. Interestingly, the decline of postnatal neurogenesis levels corresponds to the emergence of the ability to form stable long-term memory.