The preservation our website of archival specimens by the LID over many years has allowed this retrospective characterization of norovirus and rotavirus molecular epidemiology and study of the evolution from specimens collected in various venues of the developing world in the late 1970��s. This investigation documents that the relative importance of noroviruses as agents of childhood gastroenteritis extends back more than 30 years and also reflects an early underestimation of norovirus incidence when the virus was discovered in the 1970��s. The charact
Immunization with tumor-associated antigen (TAA) is a potential approach for cancer treatment and prevention [1]. Cancer vaccines have not been administered to prevent a tumor from occurring in healthy individuals.

Instead, they have been used to alleviate the suffering of patients who are already combating cancer [2]. GA733 is an epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) that is abundant in colorectal cancer cells [3]. In addition, GA733 is known to mediate Ca2+-independent homotypic cell-cell adhesion [4]. It contains an extracellular domain with 2 epidermal growth factor-(EGF-) like repeats, followed by a cysteine-poor region, a transmembrane domain, and a short (26 amino acid) cytoplasmic tail [5]. The extracellular domain (ECD) of GA733 is often used as a target for cancer vaccination [6]. Such recombinant vaccines developed over the last several decades have been expressed using many available heterologous expression systems [7]. Plants are a promising expression system that can efficiently produce recombinant proteins in large quantities without pathogenic animal contaminants [8].

Recently, the tumor-associated colorectal cancer antigen EpCAM (GA733) was expressed in plants, and the recombinant plant-derived antigen induced a humoral immune response in BALB/c mice [9]. However, plants are not an ideal expression system for producing therapeutic proteins because of the differences in the N-glycosylation processes between plants and humans and the low expression level [10]. Plant-derived specific N-glycans contain antigenic and/or allergenic ��(1, 2)-xylose and ��(1, 3)-fucose, which are absent in mammalian glycans [11]. The plant-specific glycans lack sialic acid, which may cause instability and a lower half-life [12]. To avoid the plant-derived specific N-glycan structure, we generated an oligomannose glycan structure by retaining the recombinant protein (GA733 and GA733-Fc) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Fusion of GA733 or GA733-Fc to KDEL (the ER retention Cilengitide motif, Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu) [13] helps retain the protein inside the ER and at the same time enhances GA733 and GA733-Fc assembly in plant cells.