Peak power was defined as the highest mechanical

power output elicited during the test. Mean power was defined as the average mechanical power during the 20 s test. The fatigue index was determined by dividing the highest power output by the lowest power output. A total of three 20-s Wingate tests (one Wingate test per 10-min period) were performed during each trial and measures were averaged over the three sprints. Questionnaires LY2874455 purchase Prior to each bout of performance measures subjects were asked to complete a questionnaire containing four questions using a 5-point rating scale. Subjects were asked to rate their energy level, fatigue level, feelings of alertness and feelings of focus for task using the following verbal anchors: 1 = very low; 2 = low; 3 = average; 4 = high; 5 = very high. The same researcher performed

all test administrations and tests were conducted under controlled conditions (a quiet room). The average response of the three testing sessions was computed. Supplement On each visit subjects consumed 120 ml of the ready to drink supplement or placebo. The supplement used is marketed as Redline Extreme® (Vital Pharmaceuticals, Davie, FL) and contains caffeine anhydrous, beta-alanine, vitamin C, and the following YH25448 ic50 herbal and botanical compounds; evodiamine, N-acetyl-L-tyrosine, hordenine, 5-hydroxytryptophan, potassium citrate, N-methyl tyramine, sulbutiamine, vinpocetine, yohimbine HCL, and St. John’s wort extract. The placebo was similar in appearance and taste to Redline Extreme®, but contained only an inert substance. Statistical analyses Statistical analysis of the data was accomplished using a repeated measures analysis of variance. In the event of a significant F-ratio, LSD post-hoc tests were used for pairwise comparisons. Comparisons of the average performance measures for the three testing periods were analyzed using paired student’s T-tests. A criterion alpha level of p ≤ 0.05 was used to

determine statistical significance. All data are reported as mean ± SD. Results The responses to the questionnaire can be seen in Table 1. The average energy level during the three testing periods was significantly higher for SUP than PL. In addition, focus for task was significantly greater at T3 for SUP than PL, and the Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase average focus for task for all three testing periods combined was significantly higher for SUP than PL. Average feelings of alertness tended to be higher (p < 0.06) for SUP than PL. No significant differences in perceived levels of fatigue were seen between the groups. Table 1 Response to performance questionnaire Question Group T1 T2 T3 AVG My energy level is: Sup 3.7 ± 0.7 3.5 ± 0.7 3.3 ± 0.6 3.5 ± 0.5 *   PL 3.2 ± 0.6 3.2 ± 0.6 2.8 ± 0.9 3.1 ± 0.5 My fatigue level is: Sup 2.3 ± 0.9 2.8 ± 0.8 3.1 ± 0.7 2.7 ± 0.6   PL 2.4 ± 0.7 3.1 ± 0.5 3.3 ± 0.9 2.9 ± 0.5 My feeling of alertness is: Sup 3.7 ± 0.7 3.6 ± 0.5 3.6 ± 0.7 3.6 ± 0.4   PL 3.3 ± 0.7 3.4 ± 0.7 3.1 ± 1.0 3.3 ± 0.