“
“Background Worldwide, breast cancer is the most common cause of mortality by cancer in female population (GLOBOCAN, 2002, IARC). In order to decrease mortality and to improve treatment, prevention and early detection

biomarkers are object of study. In this sense, it is very important to increase knowledge about tumor biology, which includes studies on risk factors, tumor development, dissemination and metastasis. There is sufficient evidence that blood group related Lewis antigens are tumor-associated molecules [1]. Changes in the structure of glycan chains covalently attached to AZD2171 glycoproteins and glycolipids are a common feature of progression to malignancy [2]. In O-linked glycosylation, the glycans are added to serine and threonine hydroxyl groups. Initiation of O-glycosylation in the mammary gland LY3023414 molecular weight begins in the Golgi apparatus, is catalysed by a family of enzymes which transfer VS-4718 concentration N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) from UDP-GalNAc (UDP-GalNAc polypeptide glycosyltransferases) to selected serine or threonine residues in protein chain [3]. After the addition

of GalNAc, various core structures are formed by the addition of different sugars. The terminal epitopes of the O-glycans on mucins are probably the most important determining whether the molecule plays a role in cell adhesion phenomena. The epitopes recognized by antibodies related to the ABO and Lewis blood group antigens are found in this region. Terminal sugars added in alpha linkage include sialic acid, fucose, galactose, GalNAc and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). Some sulphation of sugars in terminal structures may also occur [4]. Lewis y antigen is a difucosylated oligosaccharide with the chemical structure: This molecule is expressed predominately during embryogenesis while in adults, expression is restricted to granulocytes and epithelial surface [5]. Lewis y and Lewis b antigens

are over-expressed by breast, lung, colon, pancreas, prostate and ovarian cancers, either at the plasma membrane as a glycolipid or linked to surface receptors such as Erb-B family receptors [1]. Sialyl-Lewis x and sialyl-Lewis a are complex carbohydrates which have been also found in breast carcinomas [6]. Breast cancer cell glycans changes Teicoplanin are related to glycoprotein antigenic differences between carcinoma and normal mammary gland cells [7]. This phenomenon has been extensively studied on MUC1 mucin where the aberrant glycosylation found in tumor cells indicates the appearance of novel glycan epitopes (e.g. STn) as well as the unmasking of peptide sequences (rev. in [4]). Lewis y oligosaccharides may be part of mucin glycoproteins, which have characteristic core peptide structures [8]. MUC1, which is overexpressed in breast cancer, may contain Lewis y. This mucin has been involved in immune regulation, cell signaling, inhibition of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion [9]. Glycan changes may be important to the induction of a humoral response [10].