While this differing expression of muscarinic AChRs by PV neurons in rat versus http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AP24534.html macaque V1 may

reflect a species difference, macaque V1 differs in some ways from other cortical areas in the macaque. For instance, while 25% of neurons across most of macaque cortex are inhibitory (Hendry et al. 1987), inhibitory neurons comprise only 20% of neurons Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in macaque V1 (Hendry et al. 1987; Beaulieu et al. 1992) and the subtype composition of this inhibitory population differs from that in nearby visual cortical areas (DeFelipe et al. 1999). Similarly, while 50% of GABAergic neurons in the prefrontal cortex of macaques (Conde et al. 1994) and in V1 of rats (Gonchar and Burkhalter 1997) express PV, in macaque V1 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical PV neurons comprise 74%

of the GABAergic population (Van Brederode et al. 1990). Thus it is not necessarily appropriate to assume that anatomical data on AChR expression gathered in macaque V1 can be applied in attempting to understand the cholinergic modulation of macaque cortex in general or as the basis for proposed mechanisms underlying the effects of attention (or other behavioral phenomena) in extrastriate visual areas. We examined whether PV neurons in extrastriate area middle temporal (MT) express m1-type muscarinic AChRs; the class of ACh receptor most frequently expressed by PV neurons in area V1. m1 AChRs are a likely mediating receptor type if cholinergic mechanisms are to Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical be mostly considered a candidate explanation for attention-related spike rate increases among narrow-spiking neurons in the extrastriate cortex. Another possible mediator would be the homomeric α7 subunit-containing Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical nicotinic receptor. Unfortunately antibodies directed against the α7 nicotinic receptor subunit did not pass our controls for use in macaque neocortex and so this

important receptor class was Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical not examined in this study. High affinity (heteromeric) nicotinic receptors, on the other hand, are not strongly enough expressed in the occipital lobe of macaques outside layer 4c of V1 (Disney et al. 2007) to be a candidate for attention-related changes in spiking activity in area MT. And finally, the other prominent class of cortical muscarinic receptor – the m2-type AChR – would not be expected to increase spike rate specifically in PV neurons, as it is usually axonally expressed (Mrzljak et al. 1993; Brown et al. 1997; Disney Cilengitide et al. 2006, 2012) and typically acts to reduce GABA release when expressed by PV neurons (Kruglikov and Rudy 2008). Thus, to be a receptor underlying increased narrow-spiking neuron firing in response to ACh, m2 AChRs would have to be specifically localized at synapses onto other PV neurons and not onto other cell classes, which has not been reported (Mrzljak et al. 1993; Disney et al. 2006, 2012). We find that m1 AChRs are equally strongly expressed by PV neurons in macaque area MT as they are in macaque V1.