These findings suggest that binding of recombinant human thrombomodulin onto ePTFE grafts may improve the long-term patency of covered stents grafts.”
“The concurrent use of cocaine and heroin, often referred to as speedball, is a powerful reinforcer that has been reported in humans to sometimes result in heightened euphoria compared with either drug alone. Data from animal research indicate that the reinforcing efficacy of low doses of cocaine is potentiated by the addition of small amounts of heroin and that this potentiation is accompanied by synergistic increases in nucleus

accumbens (NAc) extracellular fluid levels of dopamine. Although mu- and/or delta-opioid receptors may underlie this potentiation, the opioid receptor subtype or the loci responsible Etomoxir for this enhancement is not known. This experiment Pitavastatin concentration used intracranial administration of a selective mu-opioid receptor alkylating agent (beta-funaltrexamine (beta-FNA)) to assess the role of m-opioid receptors in the NAc, ventral pallidum (VP), and ventral tegmental area (VTA) on the ability of heroin to alter cocaine self-administration. Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine, heroin, or their combination and were administered either vehicle or beta-FNA into one of each

brain region and the effects upon drug intake assessed. beta-FNA administered into the VP or VTA shifted the dose-effect curve for the cocaine/heroin combination LY294002 mw towards that maintained by cocaine alone. beta-FNA had no effect on self-administration of the combination of cocaine and heroin when

injected into the NAc. These data suggest that heroin may attenuate feedback inhibition from the NAc to the VP and VTA when co-self-administered with cocaine, resulting in a positive modulation of the effects of cocaine.”
“Objective: Vein wall endothelial turnover after stasis deep vein thrombosis (DVT) has not been well characterized. The purpose of this study was to quantify re-endothelialization after DVT and determine if low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) therapy affects this process.

Methods: Stasis DVT was generated in the rat by inferior vena cava ligation, with harvest at 1, 4, and 14 days. Immunohistologic quantification of vascular smooth muscle cells and luminal endothelialization was estimated by positive staining for a-smooth muscle actin and von Willebrand factor, respectively. In separate experiments, rats were treated either before or after DVT with subcutaneous LMWH (3 mg/kg daily) until harvesting at 4 and 14 days. The inferior vena cava was processed for histologic analysis or was processed for organ culture after the thrombus was gently removed. The vein wall was stimulated in vitro with interleukin-I beta (1 ng/mL), and the supernatant was processed at 48 hours for nitric oxide.