The discovery of these Hector’s dolphins on the North Island calls for reconsideration of three historical samples described by Baker et al.

(2002). These three samples were reportedly collected on the North Island, but did not have the characteristic G haplotype of the Maui’s dolphin. Baker et al. (2002) excluded them from the analyses used to classify the subspecies due to doubts about the actual collection Enzalutamide supplier location of one specimen and the potential for postmortem drift of the two that were found beachcast in advanced states of decomposition. Unfortunately, we have no additional information from these bone and tooth samples to support or refute the provenance of these dolphins or to confirm their subspecies, so cannot determine if they represent historical mtDNA diversity that has been lost from the Maui’s dolphin or if they were in fact migrant Hector’s dolphins. In any case, the dispersal of Hector’s dolphins into the distribution of the Maui’s dolphin is not likely to have been a frequent occurrence. mTOR inhibitor Using a binomial distribution probability function (Swofford and Berlocher 1987), the chance of detecting a Hector’s dolphin

haplotype in the baseline of 96 Maui’s dolphin samples collected from 1988 to 2007 (Hamner et al. 2012) is 93.3% for a Hector’s dolphin haplotype at a frequency of 5%, and 61.9% for a Hector’s dolphin haplotype at a frequency of 1%. More importantly, no Calpain genetic admixture between Hector’s and Maui’s dolphins has been detected in any of the 269 individuals from both subspecies that were

sampled and genotyped between 1988 and 2012 (Hamner et al. 2012; current work). Furthermore, the BayesAss analysis presented by Hamner et al. (2012), estimated negligible migration rates between the two subspecies, ranging from 0.006 to 0.014 dolphins per generation. Our findings are the first contemporary evidence of Hector’s and Maui’s dolphins cooccurring in the same area. Although four Hector’s dolphins have now been documented within the geographic range of the Maui’s dolphin, it is premature to raise concerns about the validity of the subspecies. To date, we have not detected evidence of interbreeding between the Hector’s and Maui’s dolphins, and there are no examples from captivity to assess this potential. The number of documented dispersal events at this time is low. However, if further dispersal of Hector’s dolphins occurs and the subspecies are shown to interbreed, it could lead to a loss of the genetic and morphological distinctiveness that was used to support their classification as subspecies (Reeves et al. 2004, Perrin et al. 2009). The minimum distance of 400 km required for Hector’s dolphins to travel from the West Coast South Island population to the central northwest coast of the North Island was surprising given previous observations of restricted home ranges.