The diagnosis of type 2 diabetes was based on the revised criteria of the American Diabetes Association, using a value of fasting blood glucose at least 126 mg/dL on at least two occasions.20 In patients with a previous diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, current therapy with insulin or oral hypoglycemic

agents was documented. A 12-hour overnight fasting blood sample was drawn at the time of biopsy to determine serum levels of ALT, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, ferritin, plasma glucose concentration, and platelet count. Serum Pirfenidone cost insulin was determined by a two-site enzyme enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Mercodia Insulin ELISA, Arnika). IR was determined with the homeostasis model assessment method.21 The analysis of serum 25(OH) D was performed using a Chromosystem reagent kit and a chromatographic system equipped with a Waters 1525 Binary high-pressure liquid chromatography pump connected to a photo diode array detector, and detection was carried out at 265 nm. In accordance with the kit’s instructions, a serum 25(OH)D concentration of 30 μg/L was considered

the threshold value for identifying low levels of vitamin D. All patients were tested at the time of biopsy for HCV-RNA by qualitative polymerase chain reaction (Cobas Amplicor HCV Test version 2.0; limit of detection: 50 IU/mL). HCV RNA positive samples were quantified by Versant HCV RNA 3.0 bDNA (Bayer Co. Tarrytown, NY) expressed in this website IU/mL. Genotyping was performed by INNO-LiPA, HCV II, Bayer. Slides were coded and read by one pathologist (D.C.) who was unaware of the patient’s identity and history. A minimum length of 15 mm of biopsy specimen or the presence of at least 10 complete portal tracts was required.22 Biopsy specimens were classified according to the Scheuer numerical scoring system.23 The percentage Bay 11-7085 of hepatocytes containing macrovescicular fat was determined for each 10× field. An average percentage of steatosis was

then determined for the entire specimen. Steatosis was assessed as the percentage of hepatocytes containing fat droplets (minimum 5%) and evaluated as a continuous variable. Steatosis was classified as mild at 5% to 30% or moderate-severe at 30% or more. Immunohistochemistry was performed on liver biopsy tissue sections by means of the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase method. All samples were fixed for 24 hours with 10% buffered formalin, paraffin-embedded, and cut in serial sections of 3 μg. Tissue morphology was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Immunohistochemical detection of CYP2R1 and CYP27A1 was performed using anti-human CYP2R1 (C-15) and CYP27A1 (P-17) (goat polyclonal antibody, Santa Cruz Biotechonology, Inc.).