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“The control of glycolysis in contracting muscle is not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to examine whether activation of glycolysis is mediated by factors related to the energy state or by a direct effect of Ca2+ on the regulating enzymes. Extensor digitorum longus muscles from rat were isolated, treated with cyanide to inhibit aerobic ATP production and stimulated (0.2 s trains every 4 s)

until force was reduced to 70% of initial force (control muscle, referred to as Con). Muscles treated with BTS (N-benzyl-p-toluene sulfonamide), an inhibitor of cross-bridge cycling without affecting Epigenetics inhibitor Ca2+ transients were stimulated for an equal time period as Con. Energy utilization by the contracile apparatus (estimated from the observed relation between ATP utilization and force-time integreal) was 60% of total. In BTS, the force-time integrat and ATP utilization were only 38 and 58% of BLZ945 inhibitor those in Con respectively. Glycolytic rate in BTS was only 51% of that in Con but the relative contribution of ATP derived from PCr (phosphocreatine) and glycolysis and

the relation between muscle contents of PCr and Lac (lactate) were not different. Prologed cyanide incubation of quiescent muscle (low Ca2+) did not change the relation between PCr and Lac. The reduced glycolytic rete in BTS despite maintained Ca2+ transients and the unchanged PCr/Lac relation in the absence of Ca2+ transients, demonstrates that Ca2+ is not the main trigger of glycogenolysis. Instead the preserved relative contribution of energy delivered from PCr and glycolysis during both conditions suggests that the glycolytic rate is controlled by factors related to energy state.”
“Microarrays enable gene transcript expression changes in near-whole genomes to be assessed in response to environmental stimuli. We utilized oligonucleotide microarrays and subsequent gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to assess patterns of gene expression

changes in male largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) hepatic tissues after a 96 h exposure to common environmental selleck chemicals llc contaminants. Fish were exposed to atrazine, cadmium chloride, PCB 126, phenanthrene and toxaphene via intraperitoneal injection with target body burdens of 3.0, 0.00067, 2.5, 50 and 100 mu g g(-1), respectively. This was conducted in an effort to identify potential biomarkers of exposure. The expressions of 4, 126, 118, 137 and 58 mRNA transcripts were significantly (P <= 0.001, fold change >= 2x) affected by exposure to atrazine, cadmium chloride, PCB 126, phenanthrene and toxaphene exposures, respectively. GSEA revealed that none, four, five, five and three biological function gene ontology categories were significantly influenced by exposure to these chemicals, respectively.