Since BEs are based on RfD or TDI values, HQs near or exceeding a value of 1 provide an indication that exposure levels are near or exceeding the existing exposure guidance values. For carcinogens such as inorganic arsenic, DDT and HCB, risk-specific doses (RSD) have been calculated for a range of risk levels of interest from 1 in 10,000 (1 × 10−4) to 1 in 1,000,000 (1 × 10−6). BERSD provide an estimate of the steady-state concentrations that would learn more result from chronic exposure, over

a lifetime, at the RSDs (Aylward et al., 2013). In this evaluation, cancer risks corresponding to 5th, 25th, 75th, and 95th percentile were estimated with information provided in chemical specific BE derivation, and assuming linear extrapolation (Aylward et al., 2010, Hays et al., 2010 and Kirman et al., 2011). Descriptive statistics for individual and summed biomarkers of exposure for environmental chemicals included in the CHMS are summarized alongside their respective BE values in Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4. Environmental chemicals were divided into two groups based upon estimated half-lives. Table 2 contains chemicals

AZD6738 cost with short estimated half-lives of elimination (<1 day) including inorganic arsenic, phthalates, environmental phenols and pesticides. Concentrations of persistent environmental chemicals including cadmium, DDT, HCB, PCBs, polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), HBCD and PCDD/F + DL-PBCs are presented in Table 3 and Table 4. The HQ values for the population geometric means and 95th percentile for biomarkers of inorganic arsenic,

phthalates, pesticides, and environmental phenols are presented in Fig. 1. These chemicals Grape seed extract have short estimated half-lives of elimination relative to expected exposure frequencies; for example, biomarkers of inorganic arsenic have estimated half-lives of 4–28 h (Hays et al., 2010). When the biomarker’s half-life in urine is short, large variations may be expected in urine concentrations from an individual over the course of a single day (Aylward et al., 2012). For these short-lived chemicals, biomarker concentrations at the tails of the distributions (e.g., 95th percentile) may not be very indicative of long-term exposure levels. If the BE is based on an exposure guidance value derived for chronic exposures, then interpretation of the tails of the distributions should be interpreted with caution. The calculated HQ values for persistent environmental chemicals are presented as a function of age in Fig. 2. The biomonitoring levels measured for these chemicals are expected to be stable, with little intra-individual variability.