Primary HSCs were isolated by two-step pronase-collagenase perfusion as described previously,20 and they were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium/10% fetal bovine Liproxstatin-1 clinical trial serum. Primary murine hepatocytes

were isolated and cultured as described previously.21 Splenic DCs were prepared as reported previously.9 CD8+ T cells were isolated by immunomagnetic separation. Human T cells were isolated from whole blood with anti-CD8 antibody–labeled magnetic cell sorting microbeads. CD8+ T cells were cocultured with splenic DCs or αCD3/28-labeled beads (Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany) in the presence or absence of HSCs or the human HSC cell line LX-2 for 3 days. Cells were cocultured with a T cell/DC/HSC ratio of 40/1/4, a T cell/bead/HSC ratio of 10/4/1, or a T cell/bead/LX-2 ratio of 10/4/2.5. Proliferation was assessed with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) dilution in Hoechst-33258− CD8+ cells by flow cytometry and quantified with FlowJo software. DCs were pulsed with grade VII ovalbumin (OVA; 1 mg/mL; Sigma) or SIINFEKL click here (OVA257-264; Pineda, Berlin, Germany) at 1 μM for 30 minutes. For Transwell experiments, 24-well Transwell inserts with 0.4-μm pores (Greiner, Frickenhausen, Germany) were used. For the staining

of cell surface molecules, cells were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline with 1% fetal bovine serum/2 mM ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid and were stained with saturating concentrations of antibodies. Intracellular antigens were stained after cell fixation with 2% paraformaldehyde and permeabilization with 0.5% saponin or 0.25% Triton X-100. The Fc gamma receptor blocking antibody (clone 2.4G2) see more was added to prevent nonspecific binding. Dead cells were excluded

from the analysis by Hoechst-33258 staining. Flow cytometry quantification of absolute cell numbers was performed with CountBright absolute counting beads (Invitrogen). The total cell numbers were calculated as follows: (1) The number of surface molecules expressed per cell was quantified with QuantiBRITE PE (BD Biosciences). RNA was extracted, transcribed into complementary DNA, and subsequently analyzed with the gene expression assay for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA; #Mm00725412_s1). The PCR reaction was performed with a universal PCR master mix through the amplification of 10 ng of complementary DNA for 40 cycles (95°C for 15 seconds and 60°C for 1 minute) on an ABI-Prism 7900HT. Gene expression was normalized to 18s. Reagents were obtained from Applied Biosystems (Darmstadt, Germany). The results are expressed as means and standard errors of the mean. The statistical analysis was performed with an unpaired, two-tailed Student t test, and P values < 0.05 were considered significant. We investigated the role of HSCs in controlling the stimulation of naive CD8 T cells by other APCs.