PMs are formed at a pH above the pKa of the protonatable group, where the hydrophobic segment essentially is uncharged. As the pH decreases below the pKa, the ionization of the polymer causes increased

hydrophilicity and electrostatic repulsions of the polymers, leading to the destabilization of the micelles and controlled drug release. Figure 3 Schematic representation of the mechanisms of pH sensitivity. (a) PMs with basic core units, (b) PMs with acidic core units. 4.2.3. Polymers Commonly Used in Oral pH-Sensitive PMs Acrylic-based polymers are widely used in oral pH-sensitive drug delivery, such as poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA). PMAA retains a collapsed Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical state in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the low pH of the stomach and swells as it transits through the intestines. Blends of this polymer with polyethylacrylate (PMAA-PEA) and polymethacrylate (PMAA-PMA) can be tailored to dissolve in specific pH ranges corresponding to specific locations in the GI tract [100–102]. These pH-responsive micelles based on the acrylic acid core can be either multimolecular or unimolecular [103, 104]. Upon pH increase, the core of the unimolecular micelles Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical became more polar hence promoting the release of the incorporated hydrophobic drug [103]. As these micelles do not possess a CMC, they have the advantage of being intrinsically stable upon dilution. Conversely

to unimolecular Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical micelles that maintain their integrity upon a change in pH, pH-sensitive multimolecular PMs based on ionizable polyanions disassemble following an increase in environmental pH. Kim and his coworkers hypothesized that the physical stability of hydrotropic polymeric (HP) micelles learn more containing AA moieties may Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical decrease in the intestine, releasing the loaded drugs faster in the intestine than in the

stomach [105]. To examine this hypothesis, they took paclitaxel (PTX) as model drug and developed a hydrotropic polymer, PEG-b-(4-(2-vinylbenzyloxy)-N,N-(diethylnicotinamide)) (PEG-b-VBODENA), these doped with AA units (≤50mol%) to confer pH sensitivity to PMs, testing PTX loading/release profiles by changing the pH condition. They observed that the loading content and efficiency of PTX were governed by the pH of the loading medium, with both maxima at pH ≤ 4. Increasing the pH above the pKa of the polymers provoked a rapid dissociation of the complexes. The self-association into well-defined micellar structure is facilitated by the hydrophobic nonionizable Al(M)A units, whereas the pH sensitivity is conferred by the carboxylic acid groups of the MAA moieties [106]. The PTX release from HPC with morethan 20% AA contents was completed within 12h in a simulated intestinal fluid (pH = 6.5) while the PMs without any AA moiety showed very slow release profiles.