Passage through these facilities increases reputational risk for buyers by reducing possibilities for verification that products are legal, such as validation of the Certificates of Origin. Sendai,

Japan is another major port of landing for Russian salmon, where product Roxadustat mouse mixing may occur for shipments traveling without certificates of origin or with packaging not clearly marked with origins [66] and [67]. Illegally fished products may also be mixed into shipments at their sources, unless the source – such as the Ozernaya River region – is geographically isolated. In an effort to reduce IUU fishing on Russian wild stocks, Russia has negotiated bilateral agreements with South Korea, North Korea and Canada and in 2012 was in discussions with Japan [68]. An agreement with the United States has not yet been implemented. The draft agreement with Japan includes provisions to reduce fishing access for

foreign fleets that do not fully cooperate with the terms of the bilateral agreements. Until strengthened observation and regulatory frameworks are in effect, the multiple forms of illegal Russian salmon fishing threaten not only the salmon stocks themselves, but also other species and food webs. The role of additional countries in shipping GSK458 mw and processing further convolute already complex trade flows, and raise the risk of illegal products reaching consumers. Tuna enters the USA market as canned tuna for retail, large cans for food service establishments and as imports of fresh or frozen tuna species. The vast majority of these tuna imports are caught in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Imports from the top four exporters of tuna to the United States (Thailand, 44%; the Philippines, 10%; Vietnam, 8%; and Indonesia, 7%) accounted for almost 70% of tuna

imports in 2011, and the top 10 countries accounted for 90% of total imports [69] (See Table 4). In 2011, canned Obeticholic Acid supplier tuna represented about 63% of total tuna imports into the USA by volume but just over half of the value, while the remaining tuna imports are fresh or frozen tuna products [70]. Canned tuna imports to the U.S. in 2011 totaled 187,198 t valued at $719,293,937, while fresh and frozen tuna imports totaled 107,679 t valued at $651,366,670 [68]. The identified species for fresh/frozen tuna products on Customs codes are albacore, bigeye, bluefin, skipjack, and yellowfin tuna. The species in canned tuna are primarily skipjack tuna, although this may also include species of frigate and bullet tunas. Customs codes only distinguish albacore. Non-specified tuna is the current Customs tariff designation for all other canned tuna that is traded. The same sources indicate that nearly 80% of Thailand׳s tuna exports by volume are canned tuna and Thailand alone accounted for 55% of the canned tuna imports by volume into the USA in 2011. Imports of canned tuna from Thailand in 2011 were 102,134 t valued at $393,859,488. Together with the Philippines (13%), Vietnam (10.