Moreover, it was aimed to find the performance of paraplegic Decitabine datasheet subjects during walking with orthoses and the problems associated with the use of orthoses. Methods An electronic search was done via the Pubmed, Embase and ISI web of knowledge data bases from 1960 to 2010. The abstracts and title of each individual study was assessed by the author. The selection of papers for review was accomplished in two steps. In the first step, relevant articles were selected based on whether the title/abstract addressed the research questions of interest based on some key words such as, Spinal Cord injury, Physiological

benefits, Walking, Standing and Orthosis. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical In the second step papers whose language of publication was English, addressing the adults and children with paraplegia and/or quadriplegia, and those in which subjects used orthoses or frame to improve some parameters such as, Bone Mineral Density (BMD), respiratory system function, cardiovascular system function, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and joints range of motion were selected. The algorithm

of search and selection of papers is shown in figure 1. Figure 1 The algorithm of search and selection of papers to include in the review Findings From an initial list of 100 articles, 40 articles were fully retrieved and reviewed, based on key Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical words and parameters included. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical The results of the research articles were fully reviewed and categorized based on the mentioned benefits. The results of the various research studies regarding the performance of the orthoses were categorized based on energy consumption, and gait and stability analysis. The results of reviewing the articles are shown in

the following tables 1-​-1313. Table 1 The findings of various studies regarding the effects of standing and walking on bone mineral density Table 13 The findings of various studies regarding the physiological cost index (PCI) of paraplegic subjects Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical during walking with various orthoses Table 6 The findings of various studies regarding the stability of paraplegic subjects while undertaking various hand tasks Table 8 The findings of various studies regarding the gait parameters of the subjects in walking with various orthoses Table 9 The findings of various studies regarding some gait parameters during walking with various orthoses Dichloromethane dehalogenase Table 10 The findings of various studies regarding the results of some gait parameters in walking with various orthoses Discussion According to the results of the research undertaken by Biering et al.56 BMD of long bone, such as femur and tibia decreased significantly after injury. It may be a result of decreasing the compression loads applied on the long bones, or may be related to the lack of muscles stress applied on the bones.