It is important to note that not all HIV pregnancies are reported to the APR, as reporting is voluntary. A web and literature search reveals two case reports of myelomeningocoele associated with first-trimester efavirenz exposure [[7],[8]]. Data from the IeDEA West Africa and ANRS Databases, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire, found no significant Kinase Inhibitor Library increased risk of unfavourable pregnancy outcome in women with first trimester exposure to efavirenz

(n = 213) compared with nevirapine (n = 131) apart from termination, which was more common with efavirenz [9]. In 2010, a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohorts reported birth outcomes among women exposed to efavirenz during the first trimester [10]. The primary endpoint was a birth defect of any kind with secondary outcomes,

including rates of spontaneous abortions, termination of pregnancy, stillbirths and PTD. GPCR Compound Library in vitro Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria, 11 prospective and five retrospective. Nine prospective studies reported on birth defects among infants born to women with efavirenz exposure (1132 live births) and non-efavirenz-containing regimens (7163 live births). The analysis found no increased risk of overall birth defects among women exposed to efavirenz during first trimester compared with exposure to other ARV drugs. There was low heterogeneity between studies and only one neural tube defect was observed with first-trimester efavirenz exposure, giving a prevalence of 0.08%. Furthermore, the prevalence of overall birth defects with first-trimester efavirenz exposure was similar to the ranges reported in the general population. This Tau-protein kinase meta-analysis, which included the data from the APR and the IeDEA and ANRS databases, has been updated to include published data to 1 July 2011. The addition of 181 live births reported from five studies together with the updated report from the APR resulted in a revised incidence of neural tube defects in infants exposed to efavirenz during the first trimester of 0.07% (95% CI 0.002–0.39) [11]. Two publications have reported higher rates of congenital birth defects associated with efavirenz, Brogly et al. (15.6%) [12] and Knapp

et al. (12.8%) [13]. The Writing Group considers these rates to be inflated. Recruitment occurred prenatally but also up to 12 months of age, which could confer recruitment bias. Although the overall study numbers were large, the number of efavirenz exposures used as the denominator in the final analyses of first-trimester exposure was small, 32 and 47, respectively. There was no difference in the anomaly rate found with no exposure vs. any exposure in first/second/third trimester. In addition, no pattern of anomalies specific to efavirenz was described by these studies: patent foramen ovale (n = 1); gastroschisis (n = 1); polydactyly (n = 1); spina bifida cystica (n = 1); plagiocephaly (n = 1); Arnold Chiari malformation (n = 1); and talipes (n = 1).