Individuals with CO scores above 5 ppm were included in the study, a criteria based on prior studies (Middleton & Morice, 2000; Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2002; Tonnesen, Norregaard, Mikkelsen, Jorgensen, & Nilsson, 1993). Participants were determined to be homeless based on the definition established by the Stewart find FAQ B. McKinney Act, passed by the U.S. congress in 1987. Homelessness was defined as ��any individual who lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence�� or ��one whose primary nighttime residence is a supervised publicly or privately operated shelter designed to provide temporary living accommodations, transitional housing, or other supportive housing program or a public or private place not meant for human habitation (e.g.

, on the streets or in abandoned buildings, tents, or automobiles)�� (Hwang, 2000; U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1987; Wilder Foundation, 2009). Figure 1. Screening and enrollment of study participants. Intervention Components Intervention components of the study have been described in detail elsewhere (Goldade et al., 2011) but summarized briefly below. Motivational Interviewing MI is designed to enhance motivation for change (Miller & Rollnick, 2002). Participants in the intervention arm received six MI counseling sessions from trained Bachelors- and Masters-level counselors each lasting approximately 20 min. To ensure fidelity to MI treatment, all sessions were audio recorded and reviewed during weekly supervision with a licensed clinical psychologist trained in MI.

During weekly supervision meetings, tapes were reviewed for treatment fidelity and direct instruction. In addition to ongoing supervision, at the initiation of the project, the MI counselors received two full days of training on the theory and method of conducting MI counseling sessions and approximately 40 hr of supervised training. MI counselors only provide counseling to participants in the MI arm. Standard Care Participants in the control comparison condition received ��SC,�� a 1-time session of health education and brief advice to quit smoking which lasted approximately 20 min, consistent with current smoking cessation clinical practice guidelines (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2000). To ensure fidelity, all SC sessions were audio recorded and reviewed during weekly supervision with doctoral-level coinvestigators.

During weekly supervision meetings, tapes were reviewed for treatment fidelity and direct instruction. Dacomitinib The counselors received one full day of training on SC counseling sessions and approximately 40 hr of supervised training. SC counselors only provide counseling to participants in the SC arm. Measures Overall, measures were taken from previously validated surveys and instruments.