Figure 1. DSM-IV symptoms of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder also observable in bipolar mania. Adapted from ref 23: Wingo AR Ghaemi SN. A systematic review of rates in diagnostic validity of comorbid adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bipolar … Figure 2. DSM-IV symptoms of bipolar mania also observable in attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Adapted from ref 23: Wingo AP, Ghaemi SN.

A systematic review of rates in diagnostic validity of comorbid adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and … From a developmental Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical viewpoint, the relationship between primary clinical manifestation and later symptom development could be seen as decisive for a better understanding of early-onset BD and ADHD and their diagnostic differentials and possible psychopathophysiological entity. Child and adolescent psychiatrists in charge of treatment are doubtless faced with formidable challenges to their diagnostic and clinical abilities. As preliminary evidence shows Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical that these two disorders could possibly be inter-related on the grounds of common organic developmental factors and corresponding clinical characteristics, it can be argued that both conditions may represent two differing facets of an Adriamycin solubility dmso underlying common psychopathophysiological

entity. This hypothesis will now be examined, taking into consideration Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical epidemiological, clinical, imaging, neurochemical, and genetic data. Epidemiology Recent research has suggested that the diagnosis

of PBD is scarce outside the USA (clinical samples range from 0% to 7.2% prevalence), whereas in the USA prevalence rates range from 5.9 to 19.6%. 3-5 Potential Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical explanations for these discrepancies and for the higher prevalence Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical rate of PBD in the USA should take into consideration that the preference for diagnosing clinical manifestations as PBD may have impeded attempts to compare data from European countries with data from the USA. Clinical manifestations which may have been classified as PBD by US researchers or clinicians might have received a different diagnostic characterization in European samples (such as severe ADHD, personality disorders, depressive disorders, or conduct disorders).1,6,7 Moreover, it may be relevant that research in the USA has received considerable funding, thus enabling and a large number of studies, whereas in Europe funding for research on PBD is relatively limited. The differing diagnostic classification systems International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-IO and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV may also have made studies on PBD prevalence rates in clinical populations around the globe more difficult.1 Some researchers also see higher prescription rates for stimulants and antidepressants as a potential reason for higher diagnostic rates for PBD (particularly for druginduced mania) in the USA.