Ancestors of CCI-779 the native residents, Aleut, Athabascan, and Yupik people have resided in the area for centuries. Outreach performed through public radio announcements, communications from the Bristol Bay area Health Corporation (BBAHC) to communities, flyers posted in gathering areas, and VHF radio communications in the villages. Participant Screening and Data Collection Potential participants were screened to verify eligibility. Eligibility criteria: (a) Alaska Native with at least two grandparents who were AN; (b) age 19 or older; (c) self-report of good health; and (d) able to speak English or Yupik. Exclusion criteria: (a) currently taking medications used to treat seizure disorders, tuberculosis, or cancer; (b) currently involved in a tobacco cessation program or using nicotine replacement therapy; (c) pregnant; (d) used marijuana in the last 7 days; (e) consumed alcohol on the day of the study; or (f) used street drugs in the last 30 days.
Current tobacco users needed to have used tobacco in the past 24hr and regularly in the previous 30 days. Subjects were recruited into the following mutually exclusive categories: Cigarette user: regular user of only manufactured cigarettes Commercial ST user: regular user of only commercial ST without ash/buluq Iqmik user: regular user of iqmik Dual tobacco users: regular user of both cigarettes and ST and/or iqmik Nonusers of tobacco: never user (<100 times), former user (��100 times and no use in last year). The questionnaire and consent form was designed with extensive input from BBAHC staff including, for example, characterizing physical activity questions to accurately represent those performed in a rural subsistence lifestyle.
Statistical Analysis Comparisons between the tobacco groups for categorical questions were carried out using chi-square or Fisher��s exact test. The one-way Analysis of Variance or the nonparametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for continuous or ordered variables. All statistical analysis was performed using SAS version 9.2. A p-value < 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Results We recruited 163 cigarette users, 76 ST users, 20 iqmik users, 31 dual users (24 used cigarettes and ST, 3 used cigarettes and iqmik, and 4 used cigarettes, ST and iqmik), and 110 nonusers (28 never users and 82 former users). Demographic and work history data are shown in Table 1.
About 90% of the participants were Yupik; ethnicity was defined by self-report, Cilengitide with information collected on the ethnic group of the grandparents. Table 1. Demographics and Tobacco Use History and Type of Tobacco Use The mean number of cigarettes smoked per day was lower among dual users (5.7) compared to exclusive cigarette smokers (7.8; p = 0.004). ST and iqmik users used >1 tin per week on average (Table 1). The mean duration of tobacco use for current users of any product was 17.