63 SD) with fragility fractures or lumbar BMD < YAM70 % (−2.45 SD) without fragility fractures. Osteopenia is defined as lumbar BMD < YAM80 % (−1.63 SD) without osteoporosis bUnderweight, overweight, and obesity are defined by a BMI of less than 18.5 kg/m2, between 25 and 29 kg/m2, or 30 kg/m2 or more, respectively cTrend test adjusted for age"
“Introduction Osteoporosis is a major Selleck Peptide 17 public health concern that results in substantial fracture-related morbidity and mortality [1–3]. An estimated 30,000 hip fractures occur annually in Canada, with incidence projected to increase with our aging population [4]. It is well established

that hip fractures are the most devastating consequence of osteoporosis, yet the health-care costs attributed to hip fractures in Canada have not been thoroughly evaluated. Prior Canadian cost-of-illness studies

are outdated [5] or limited [6, 7]. Comprehensive Canadian health-care costs attributed to hip fractures are needed to inform health economic analyses and guide policy decisions related to health resource allocation [8]. The main objective of our study was to determine the mean sex-specific direct health-care costs and outcomes attributable to hip fractures in Ontario seniors over a 1- and 2-year period. Methods We used a matched cohort study design that leveraged Ontario health-care administrative databases to determine the 1- and 2-year costs attributed to hip fractures. In Ontario, medical claims data are available for all residents, and pharmacy claims are available for seniors (age ≥65 years) under the Ontario Drug Benefit (ODB) program. We identified all hip fractures between April XAV-939 datasheet 1, 2004 and March 31, 2008 based on

hospital claims. In-hospital diagnostic codes for hip fracture have been well validated, with estimated sensitivity and positive predictive values of 95 % [9–11]. The first date of hip fracture diagnosis defined the index date. To allow for a minimum 1 year pre-fracture drug exposure period, we excluded those aged less than 66 years at index. We restricted inclusion to incident fractures by excluding patients with any prior diagnosis of hip fracture since April 1991, the from first date of available data. To maximize the likelihood that hip fractures were due to underlying low bone mineral density attributed to osteoporosis, we excluded those with a trauma code identified within 7 days of index and patients with: malignant neoplasm, Paget’s disease diagnosis, or non-osteoporosis formulations of bisphosphonates or GSK621 solubility dmso calcitonin within the year prior to index. Finally, we excluded non-Ontario residents and those with death identified prior to index. We employed an incidence density sampling strategy to identify non-hip fracture matches. First, a random index date was assigned to all persons in Ontario according to the sex-specific distribution of index dates among the hip fracture cohort.