03, 0.01 and 0.02). There were also significantly more samples with detectable levels of IL4 in the post-treatment samples from the younger patient group (data not shown). The post-treatment collection sample was taken after patients had completed all

their treatment (surgery, radio- and chemotherapy), however the time between pre- and post-treatment samples varied between 0.5 and 16 months. The samples were therefore divided into three groups: 0.5–3 months (n=23), 4–6 months (n=51) and 7–16 months (n=27) between collections. However, apart from the fact that the IL2 level was higher and more detectable in the 4–6 months group and the IL8 level was higher and more detectable in the 0.5–3 months group, the time of collection of the post-treatment sample had no significant influence on

Selleckchem LY2109761 the cytokine level or detectability. The problem with many studies of head and neck cancer to date is that they have used mixed cohorts of patients, which are often relatively small and may have received prior treatment. Regorafenib clinical trial The current study describes a large cohort of newly-presenting HNSCC patients from which data for individual subgroups has been obtained and is, to our knowledge, the largest study of multiplex cytokine analysis in HNSCC patients pre- and post-treatment to date. The advantage of the Quantibody® array over conventional ELISA Ferroptosis inhibitor methodology is that, the level of multiple cytokines can be detected simultaneously in a small volume of serum, saving time and generating a picture of cytokine interactions. Some systemic cytokines in cancer patients may arise from the tumour itself, skewing the immune response towards Th2 promoting evasion of host anti-tumour mechanisms [15], [16], [17] and [18]. The current study supports this since the levels of the Th2 cytokines IL4, IL5, IL6 and IL10 were all found to decrease significantly following tumour excision. However, the tumour may influence peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HNSCC patients, which can have elevated

Th2 cytokines and suppressed Th1 cytokines compared with those from controls shifting to Th1 post-operatively [19] and [10]. In contrast to Jebreel et al. who found a decrease in Th1 (IL12) and an increase in Th2 (IL10) cytokines in HNSCC patients (n=57) compared with controls (n=40) [5], the decrease in Th2 cytokines observed in the current study was not accompanied by an increase in the levels of the Th1 cytokines, in fact IL2 and IL8 also significantly decreased following treatment. This agrees with Lathers et al. who found that HNSCC patients (n=101) had increased levels of the Th2 cytokines IL4, IL6 and IL10 compared with healthy controls (n=40), but that the Th1 cytokines IL2 and GMCSF were also increased [17]. Hoffmann et al.