0 (0.8, 1.3) RR 1.28 (1.11, 1.49) Rugulies and Krause (2005) USA Transit operators Prospective cohort 7.5 year study Job strain and incidence of LBP and neck pain Worker compensation claims and ICD coding for back and neck disorders Karasek Demand Control model—SS and CWS No associations found for CWS with LBP No associations found for SS with LBP HR 1.00 (0.78, 1.29) HR 1.02 (0.77, 1.34) Schultz et al. (2004) Selleckchem FRAX597 Canada General workers Anlotinib manufacturer sample (compensation claimants) Prospective cohort study 3 month Psychosocial factors predictive of LBP

disability and RTW status McGill pain questionnaire CPG Karasek Demand Control model—CWS Low levels of CWS predicted quicker RTW status Beta 0.2, p = 0.079 Shannon et al. (2001) NCT-501 nmr Canada Hospital workers Prospective cohort 3 year study Predictors of changes in MSK health Presence and pain level of back pain in previous week 10 item measure of emotional and instrumental support at work GWS GWS did not remain as a predictive factor of MSK status N/S Soucy et al. (2006) Canada General workers sample (compensation claimants) Prospective cohort study 6 month Work-related factors contributing to chronic

disability in those with LBP Pain intensity and RMDQ 8 item questionnaire on work social support GWS Low GWS increased risk of chronic disability

OR 1.11 (1.02, 1.22) Stevenson et al. (2001) Canada Industrial workers Prospective cohort 2 year study Risk of LBP Self rate question on presence of LBP in previous 6 months. Mechanical lifting test 1 question on having a confidante at work GWS Absence next of confidante at work increased risk of LBP Beta 0.27, OR 1.7, p = 0.039 Tubach et al. (2002) France Industrial workers Prospective cohort 4 year study Risk factors for sickness absence due to LBP Nordic questionnaire for LBP Karasek Demand Control model—GWS Lower levels of GWS were shown to significantly increase sickness long term absence (> 8 days) There was no association between GWS and shorter term sickness absence OR 3.4 (1.6, 7.3) OR 1.4 (0.9, 2.3). van den Heuvel et al. (2004) Netherlands General workers sample Prospective cohort 3 year Sickness absence due to LBP Nordic questionnaire, presence in previous 12 months, pain intensity and RMDQ Karasek Demand Control model—SS and CWS Significant effect found for low CWS and increased sickness absence No significant effect found for SS and sickness absence OR 4.08 (1.59–10.05) OR 2.69 (0.85–8.44) van der Giezen et al.