pseudopneumoniae like the ATP-binding cassette (ABC)

transporters and the two component system (TCS). ABC transporters are integral membrane proteins that actively transport chemically diverse substrates across the lipid bilayers of cellular membranes. This is of clinical importance because multidrug resistance in human cancer cells is mostly the result of the over expression of ABC transporters that catalyze the extrusion of the cytotoxic compounds used in cancer therapy [29]. Bacterial drug resistance has become an increasing problem. In bacterial cells, ABC transporters Sepantronium are known to contribute to multidrug and antibiotic resistance by extruding drugs or antibiotics [30]. The TCSs of bacteria consist of two proteins, histidine kinase and response regulators, and have received increasing attention for their potential as a novel antibacterial drug targets [31, 32]. Some TCSs regulate the expression of antibiotic resistance determinants,

including drug-efflux pumps [33]. The overexpression of response regulators of bacterial two-component signal transduction system confers drug resistance by controlling the expression of some drug transporter genes. Various TCSs ubiquitously present in bacteria regulate the transcription of different gene products. The regulation of osmolarity, nutrient uptake, redox potential, sporulation and the expression of virulence factors are under the control much of TCSs. The two component system (TCS) serves as a basic stimulus–response Cell Cycle inhibitor coupling mechanism that allows organisms to sense and respond to changes in environmental conditions. The sensor kinase monitors a certain environmental condition and modulates the phosphorylation state of the response regulator that controls genes. One of the most attractive aspects of the TCS is its regulation of antimicrobial resistance factors.

Conclusions In summary, based on comparative genomics/transcriptome analysis, using S. pneumoniae as the control strain, facilitated the identification of S. pseudopneumoniae transcriptome within streptococci viridans group. We postulate that transcriptional profiling with high statistical power implies the great genetic distance between each streptococci of viridans group. The correlation values by statistical analysis show the closest association between S. oralis and S.mitis. This is also clearly shown by the clustering method which placed S.oralis and S.mitis in a separate clade from S.pneumoniae and S. pseudopneumoniae C59 wnt nmr revealing their genetic relatedness. Overall expression levels of 489 genes were higher in S.mitis strain when compared with the control strain. Some of the important genes identified by functional analysis at RNA level were those belonging to amino acid biosynthesis, transport and degenerate transposase proteins. One of the significant findings in this study was the upregulation of ABC transporters and TCS in S.