This patient with Crohn’s colitis had endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) of a superficial elevated NP-CRN. The pathology of the lesion showed low-grade dysplasia (LGD). However, the biopsies of www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-809.html the surrounding mucosa also showed LGD. Thus, he was referred for further evaluation. In (A), a slightly more reddish mucosa was seen (open arrows). Chromoendoscopy with indigo carmine was used to delineate the border of the lesion (B). The lesion had a distinct border. It was completely endoscopically resected

and found to be LGD. Note that a distal attachment cap was required to push the fold (double solid arrows) to examine the area proximal to the fold. 5 Figure options Download full-size image Download high-quality image (697 K) Download as PowerPoint slide Fig. 9. Understanding the nomenclature of superficial neoplasms is important. The term superficial is used when the tumor is either noninvasive appearing Dolutegravir research buy or small. Superficial includes noncancer neoplasms, and mucosal and submucosal invasive cancers. A subset of superficial cancers that appear to have a significant invasion into the submucosa is called massive submucosal invasive cancer. Matsuda and colleagues suggested that the presence of redness, firm consistency, expansion, and deep depression are important findings of deeply submucosal invasive cancer.6 In the upper image, the neoplastic lesion appeared benign and limited to

the mucosa. It has none of the findings of deeply submucosal invasion. In the lower image, the lesion was large, and invaded deeply into the wall. The lesion was red, firm appearing, full, and had deep depression. The lesion in the upper image may be removable by endoscopy, whereas surgery would be required for the lesion in the lower image. Figure options Download full-size Rucaparib image Download high-quality image (743 K) Download as PowerPoint slide Fig. 10. The major variants of superficial neoplastic lesions in the colon and rectum. Superficial colorectal neoplasms in patients with IBD can be described.7 and 8 Lesions are classified as protruding (polypoid) and

nonprotruding (nonpolypoid). Polypoid neoplasms may be further divided into pedunculated (0-Ip) or sessile (0-Is). Nonpolypoid lesions can be divided into slightly elevated/table top (IIa), depressed (IIc), or completely flat (IIb). An international group of IBD experts, endoscopists, pathologists, and methodologists who gathered in San Francisco in March 2014 (SCENIC Consensus) suggested that the current classifications for IBD patients should also include: (1) description of an ulcer, if present, within the lesion; and (2) description of the border of the lesion, especially if it cannot be recognized.9 Figure options Download full-size image Download high-quality image (216 K) Download as PowerPoint slide Fig. 11. The presence of an ulcer within a lesion needs to be characterized.